Lab Midterms Post Laboratory

Question 1

ocular lens magnification may vary depending on the type of microscope but is usually in

Answer 1

10x

Question 2

objective lenses include

Answer 2

scanner
LPO
HPO
OIO

Question 3

scanner objective

Answer 3

4x

Question 4

LPO objective

Answer 4

10x

Question 5

HPO objective

Answer 5

40x

Question 6

OIO objective

Answer 6

100x

Question 7

image the microscope produces is a ___

Answer 7

inverted

Question 8

inverted image is due to the ___ of the light passing through the lenses

Answer 8

refraction

Question 9

are Gram-negative proteobacteria that are phototrophic, capable of producing their own food via photosynthesis

Answer 9

purple bacteria

Question 10

purple bacteria are __ during photosynthesis

Answer 10

anoxygenic

Question 11

microscopy where the cells are illuminated with a direct light

Answer 11

bright-field microscope

Question 12

uses oblique illumination, where light is directed around the specimen, to create a bright image of the sample against a dark background

Answer 12

darkfield microscope

Question 13

is a technique that enhances contrast in unstained, transparent samples by using polarized light and a Wollaston prism to create a pseudo-3D, shadow-cast image

Answer 13

differential interference contrast

Question 14

uses fluorescence, instead of or in addition to, scattering, reflection, and attenuation or absorption, to study the properties of organic or inorganic substance

Answer 14

fluorescence microscope

Question 15

fluorescence microscope uses __ to indicate the target cells

Answer 15

dye

Question 16

s a type of scanning probe microscopy that uses a sharp tip attached to a cantilever to scan a surface and measure forces, providing a 3D image with sub-nanometer resolution, far exceeding the optical diffraction limit.

Answer 16

atomic microscope

Question 17

is an optical imaging technique that enhances resolution and contrast of micrographs by using a pinhole to block out-of-focus light, allowing for detailed 3D visualization of structures.

Answer 17

confocal scanning microscopy

Question 18

s a specialized form of standard fluorescence microscopy (also called widefield fluorescence microscopy)

Answer 18

confocal microscopy

Question 19

when did Frits Zernike first describe phase contrast microscopy

Answer 19

1932

Question 20

enhance the contrast of images of transparent and colorless specimens, do not require cells to be killed, fixed, or stained

Answer 20

phase contrast microscopy

Question 21

how does phase contrast microscopy work (4)

Answer 21

illumination
phase shifting
interference
image formation

Question 22

advantage of phase contrast microscopy

Answer 22

live cell imaging
no staining require
high contrast of transparent cells
real-time monitoring
ease of use and affordability

Question 23

process where light passes through the condenser then focuses the light on the specimen

Answer 23

illumination

Question 24

as the light travels through the sample, the component of the sample alters the light waves by altering their phase

Answer 24

phase shifting

Question 25

component of phase contrast that contains specialized optical components (phase plate and annular ring)

Answer 25

interference

Question 26

__ in the light waves results in enhanced contrast in the specimen

Answer 26

interference

Question 27

works by the the creation of the interference patterns to make them more visible

Answer 27

image formation

Question 28

include a culturing step ranging from traditional cultluring to various combinations of improved culturing techniques, leading to isolation and screening of natural isolates

Answer 28

culture dependent methods

Question 29

is a step-wise series of dilutions, where the dilution factor stays the same for each step.

Answer 29

serial dilution

Question 30

involves practices and procedures aimed at preventing contamination by pathogens and maintaining sterility to protect patients and healthcare workers from infection.

Answer 30

asceptic technique

Question 31

uses a single dye to stain all cells in a sample, making them easier to visualize under a microscope,

Answer 31

simple staining

Question 32

uses multiple dyes to differentiate between different types of microorganisms or structures within a cell

Answer 32

differential staining

Question 33

uses positively charged (basic) dyes to color the cell or specific parts of it against a bright background,

Answer 33

positive staining

Question 34

utilizes negatively charged (acidic) dyes to color the background, leaving the cell unstained.

Answer 34

negative staining

Question 35

is a method used to study filamentous fungi, where a small agar block containing the fungus is placed on a slide, covered with a coverslip, and incubated, allowing for undisturbed microscopic observation of fungal morpholog

Answer 35

slide culture technique

Question 36

reagents for fungal microscopic examination

Answer 36

lactophenol cotton blue india ink KOH

Question 37

is used in fungal staining to visualize fungal structures, especially hyphae, and to study plant-fungal interactions, including host defense responses. component of lactophenol cotton blue

Answer 37

aniline blue

Question 38

lactophenol is a __ fluid

Answer 38

mounting

Question 39

component of lactophenol cotton blue that can kill the cell

Answer 39

phenol

Question 40

dye in lactophenol cotton blue that stains chitin and cellulose of the mold

Answer 40

aniline blue

Question 41

aniline blue is a basic/acidic dye

Answer 41

acidic

Question 42

aniline blue stains __ and __ of the mold

Answer 42

chitin cellulose

Question 43

usually used to dissolve the cellular material in molds, makes it easier to see the fungus

Answer 43

KOH (potassium hydroxide)

Question 44

hypha that has septum

Answer 44

septate hypha

Question 45

hypha that has no septate

Answer 45

coenocytic hypha

Question 46

branched hyphae

Answer 46

mycelium

Question 47

rhizopus has ___ asexual spore

Answer 47

sporangiospore

Question 48

fan-like structure molds

Answer 48

conidia

Question 49

one of the outermost branches of a conidiophore from which flask-shaped phialides radiate

Answer 49

metula

Question 50

a _____is a flask-shaped, specialized conidiogenous (spore-producing) cell that releases conidia (asexual spores) in basipetal succession (from base to tip) without increasing in length

Answer 50

phialide

Question 51

a simple device for culturing a large diversity of microorganisms

Answer 51

winogradsky column

Question 52

winogradsky column is a cilumn of pond mud and water mixed with a ___ source such as newspaper, blackened marshmallows, or egg shells

Answer 52

carbon

Question 53

___ source of winogradsky column such as gypsum or egg yolk

Answer 53

sulfur

Question 54

which part of the winogradsky colum does cyanobacteria live

Answer 54

water

Question 55

enumerate the layer of microorganisms living in the mud layer from top to bottom

Answer 55

heterotrophic bacteria iron oxidizing bacteria purple non-sulfur bacteria purple sulfur bacteria green sulfur bacteria sulfate reducing bacteria

Question 56

as the depth increases , the ___ content increases

Answer 56

sulfide

Question 57

as the depth decreases, the ___ increases

Answer 57

oxygen

Question 58

oxygen zones

Answer 58

oxic suboxic anoxic

Question 59

study CHO and PAL

Answer 59

+1

Question 60

over time, microbial communities in the sediment grow in a ___ecosystem with an oxic top layer and anoxic sub-surface layers

Answer 60

stratified

Question 61

___ source that impacted community structure but less strongly then depth and sediment source

Answer 61

cellulose

Question 62

based on the paper of Rundell et al. , the most abundant phyla are the (3)

Answer 62

firmicutes Bacteroidetes proteobacteria

Question 63

purple and green bacteria exhibit ___ photosynthesis

Answer 63

anoxygenic

Question 64

cyanobacteria, algae, green plants exhibit ___ photosynthesis

Answer 64

oxygenic

Question 65

electron donor is also known as

Answer 65

reducing power

Question 66

in anoxygenic photosynthesis, ___ is used as reducing power

Answer 66

H2S (hydrogen sulfide)

Question 67

in oxygenic photosynthesis, ___ is used as reducing power

Answer 67

H2O

Question 68

both anoxygenic and oxygenic photosynthesis use reducing power to reduce ___

Answer 68

CO2