Lab Midterms Post Laboratory Flashcards
ocular lens magnification may vary depending on the type of microscope but is usually in
10x
objective lenses include
scanner
LPO
HPO
OIO
scanner objective
4x
LPO objective
10x
HPO objective
40x
OIO objective
100x
image the microscope produces is a ___
inverted
inverted image is due to the ___ of the light passing through the lenses
refraction
are Gram-negative proteobacteria that are phototrophic, capable of producing their own food via photosynthesis
purple bacteria
purple bacteria are __ during photosynthesis
anoxygenic
microscopy where the cells are illuminated with a direct light
bright-field microscope
uses oblique illumination, where light is directed around the specimen, to create a bright image of the sample against a dark background
darkfield microscope
is a technique that enhances contrast in unstained, transparent samples by using polarized light and a Wollaston prism to create a pseudo-3D, shadow-cast image
differential interference contrast
uses fluorescence, instead of or in addition to, scattering, reflection, and attenuation or absorption, to study the properties of organic or inorganic substance
fluorescence microscope
fluorescence microscope uses __ to indicate the target cells
dye
s a type of scanning probe microscopy that uses a sharp tip attached to a cantilever to scan a surface and measure forces, providing a 3D image with sub-nanometer resolution, far exceeding the optical diffraction limit.
atomic microscope
is an optical imaging technique that enhances resolution and contrast of micrographs by using a pinhole to block out-of-focus light, allowing for detailed 3D visualization of structures.
confocal scanning microscopy
s a specialized form of standard fluorescence microscopy (also called widefield fluorescence microscopy)
confocal microscopy
when did Frits Zernike first describe phase contrast microscopy
1932
enhance the contrast of images of transparent and colorless specimens, do not require cells to be killed, fixed, or stained
phase contrast microscopy
how does phase contrast microscopy work (4)
illumination
phase shifting
interference
image formation
advantage of phase contrast microscopy
live cell imaging
no staining require
high contrast of transparent cells
real-time monitoring
ease of use and affordability
process where light passes through the condenser then focuses the light on the specimen
illumination
as the light travels through the sample, the component of the sample alters the light waves by altering their phase
phase shifting
component of phase contrast that contains specialized optical components (phase plate and annular ring)
interference
__ in the light waves results in enhanced contrast in the specimen
interference
works by the the creation of the interference patterns to make them more visible
image formation
include a culturing step ranging from traditional cultluring to various combinations of improved culturing techniques, leading to isolation and screening of natural isolates
culture dependent methods
is a step-wise series of dilutions, where the dilution factor stays the same for each step.
serial dilution
involves practices and procedures aimed at preventing contamination by pathogens and maintaining sterility to protect patients and healthcare workers from infection.
asceptic technique
uses a single dye to stain all cells in a sample, making them easier to visualize under a microscope,
simple staining
uses multiple dyes to differentiate between different types of microorganisms or structures within a cell
differential staining
uses positively charged (basic) dyes to color the cell or specific parts of it against a bright background,
positive staining
utilizes negatively charged (acidic) dyes to color the background, leaving the cell unstained.
negative staining
is a method used to study filamentous fungi, where a small agar block containing the fungus is placed on a slide, covered with a coverslip, and incubated, allowing for undisturbed microscopic observation of fungal morpholog
slide culture technique
reagents for fungal microscopic examination
lactophenol cotton blue
india ink
KOH
is used in fungal staining to visualize fungal structures, especially hyphae, and to study plant-fungal interactions, including host defense responses.
component of lactophenol cotton blue
aniline blue
lactophenol is a __ fluid
mounting
component of lactophenol cotton blue that can kill the cell
phenol
dye in lactophenol cotton blue that stains chitin and cellulose of the mold
aniline blue
aniline blue is a basic/acidic dye
acidic
aniline blue stains __ and __ of the mold
chitin
cellulose
usually used to dissolve the cellular material in molds, makes it easier to see the fungus
KOH (potassium hydroxide)
hypha that has septum
septate hypha
hypha that has no septate
coenocytic hypha
branched hyphae
mycelium
rhizopus has ___ asexual spore
sporangiospore
fan-like structure molds
conidia
one of the outermost branches of a conidiophore from which flask-shaped phialides radiate
metula
a _____is a flask-shaped, specialized conidiogenous (spore-producing) cell that releases conidia (asexual spores) in basipetal succession (from base to tip) without increasing in length
phialide
a simple device for culturing a large diversity of microorganisms
winogradsky column
winogradsky column is a cilumn of pond mud and water mixed with a ___ source such as newspaper, blackened marshmallows, or egg shells
carbon
___ source of winogradsky column such as gypsum or egg yolk
sulfur
which part of the winogradsky colum does cyanobacteria live
water
enumerate the layer of microorganisms living in the mud layer from top to bottom
heterotrophic bacteria
iron oxidizing bacteria
purple non-sulfur bacteria
purple sulfur bacteria
green sulfur bacteria
sulfate reducing bacteria
as the depth increases , the ___ content increases
sulfide
as the depth decreases, the ___ increases
oxygen
oxygen zones
oxic
suboxic
anoxic
study CHO and PAL
+1
over time, microbial communities in the sediment grow in a ___ecosystem with an oxic top layer and anoxic sub-surface layers
stratified
___ source that impacted community structure but less strongly then depth and sediment source
cellulose
based on the paper of Rundell et al. , the most abundant phyla are the (3)
firmicutes
Bacteroidetes
proteobacteria
purple and green bacteria exhibit ___ photosynthesis
anoxygenic
cyanobacteria, algae, green plants exhibit ___ photosynthesis
oxygenic
electron donor is also known as
reducing power
in anoxygenic photosynthesis, ___ is used as reducing power
H2S (hydrogen sulfide)
in oxygenic photosynthesis, ___ is used as reducing power
H2O
both anoxygenic and oxygenic photosynthesis use reducing power to reduce ___
CO2
