Introduction to Microbial Ecology Flashcards
1
Q
study of microbes
within habitats, and their beneficial and detrimental
impacts on human health and welfare.
A
environmental microbiology
2
Q
– focuses on the interactions of
microorganisms within environment such as air,
water and soil.
A
microbial ecology
3
Q
microbial interactions factors
A
biological
chemical
physical
4
Q
biological factors can either be
A
competition
predation
symbiosis
5
Q
symbiosis can be
A
mutualism
commensalism
parasitism
6
Q
focuses on interaction of microorganisms with each other
(ex. bacteriophage)
A
microbial ecology
7
Q
is an interaction between organisms or species in which both require a resource that is in limited supply (such as food, water, or territory)
A
competition
8
Q
is an interaction between organisms or species in which both require a resource that is in limited supply (such as food, water, or territory)
A
predation
9
Q
is a long-term biological interaction between two or more organisms of different species
A
symbiosis
10
Q
Both organisms benefit from the relationship. For example, bacteria and their hosts, where the bacteria synthesize vitamin K for the host
A
mutualism
11
Q
One organism benefits, while the other is not affected.
A
commensalism
12
Q
One organism benefits, while the other is harmed
A
parasitism
13
Q
chemical factors include
A
chemotaxis
14
Q
is a chemical that draws cells to a specific area by stimulating them to move towards it
A
chemoattractant
15
Q
is a substance that causes cells or organisms to move away from it
A
chemorepellent
16
Q
physical factors include
A
sunlight
temperature
salinity
17
Q
communication of
microorganisms based
on cell density
A
quorum sensing
18
Q
can be seen in
the sliminess of the teeth
A
biofilm
19
Q
example of microbial interactions
A
bacteria-fungi
bacteria-bacteria
fungi-fungi
20
Q
applications of microbial interactions
A
meical
food
agriculture
cell modeling
21
Q
focuses on an environment’s influence to the diversity, distribution, and abundance of microbes
A
microbial ecology
22
Q
shape the structures and composition of microbial communities that inhabit natural and built environments
A
physical factors
chemical factors
biological constraints
23
Q
- s the study of the structure and function of entire nucleotide sequences isolated and analyzed from all the organisms (typically microbes) in a bulk sample
A
metagenomics
24
Q
equivalent of tissue, organ, or entire microorganism
A
colony
25
equivalent of a single microorganism
microcolony
26
is associated with microbial production of shortchain fatty acids (SCFA) and bacterial diversity
intense exercise
27
* ”It is increasingly recognized
that the gut microbiota
profoundly influences many
aspects of host development
and physiology, including the
modulation of brain
development and behavior.
microbial gut brain axis
28
The gut and brain communicate through the
gut-brain axis
29
why do we study microbial ecology
* Microbes cause diseases of macroscopic organisms,
including humans
* Much of our food depends on microbes
* Microbes degrade and detoxify pollutants
* Microbes can be useful model systems for exploring
general principles in ecology and evolution
* Some microbes are examples of early life on earth and
perhaps of life on other planets
Microbes mediate many biogeochemical processes that
affect global climate
* Microbes are everywhere, doing nearly everything
30
is a chemical process that breaks down organic compounds without oxygen
fermentation
31
s a process that uses living organisms to clean up environmental pollutants.
bioremediation
32
also known as a transposable element or transposon, is a segment of DNA that can move around within a genome.
jumping genes
33
was a Nobel Prize-winning geneticist who discovered that genes can move, or "jump", to new locations on chromosomes
Barbara McClintock
34
creates biofilm and a rock formation
cyanobacteria
35
cyanobacteria is also called as
blue green algae
36
was a period when oxygen levels in Earth's atmosphere increased for the first time.
the great oxidation event
37
what eon has the primary rise of oxygen in the atmoshpere
phanerozoic (bit of proterozoic)
38
published drawings of bacteria showing rods, cocci, and spiral
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
39
when was the formation of Earth
4.5 BYA
40
According to the most widely accepted theory, the early Earth that collided with Theia to form the moon is called "proto-Earth" - essentially the early version of Earth before the impact with Theia occurred; this collision is known as the
Giant Impact Hypothesis.
41
The "giant impact hypothesis" is a widely accepted scientific theory that proposes the ___ formed from debris ejected into space after a Mars-sized object collided with the early Earth,
moon
42
The object that collided with Earth is often called
Theia
43
Volcanic and hydrothermal activities released of various gases into the
atmosphere
dominant ones are: (4)
N2 (nitrogen)
, CO2 (carbon dioxide)
, CH4 (methane)
, NH3 (ammonia)
44
Earth’s precellular state can be characterized as highly ____à
reducing power responsible for the formation of the first organic
compounds
anaerobic
45
early life forms are utilizing(as
donor or souce)
chemolithotrophs, methanogens
etc.
hyperthermophilic
46
hyperthermophilic archaea using
S0 as the ___acceptor or
those use of Fe3+ , SO4
2−, NO3−,CO2, or O2
as ___acceptors.
electron
47
means using light to produce energy and create organic compounds
phototrophic
48
is an organism that obtains energy by the oxidation of electron donors in their environments.
chemotroph
49
is an organism that can produce its own food using light, water, carbon dioxide, or other chemicals
autotroph
50
an organism that eats other plants or animals for energy and nutrients.
heterotroph
51
are a diverse group of organisms using an inorganic substrate (usually of mineral origin) to obtain reducing equivalents for use in biosynthesis
lithotroph
52
is an organism that obtains hydrogen or electrons from organic substrates.
organotroph
53
study the major nutritional types of prokaryotes
CHO
PAL
54
example of PAL
cyanobacteria
55
example of CHO
most bacteria, some archaea
56
example of PHO
some purple and green bacteria
57
example of CAL
bacteria and many archaea
58
* ___photo-driven process by 3 bya.
anaerobic
59
* Followed by chlorophyll-containing
anoxygenic bacterial photosynthesis
involving ___ and ___bacteria where
H2S was the electron source
purple and green
60
* Followed by chlorophyll-containing
anoxygenic bacterial photosynthesis
involving purple and green bacteria where
___ was the electron sourc
hydrogen sulfide
61
* Microbes to ___ land by 2.75 bya
dry
62
___ with oxygenic
photosynthesis produced the aerobic
atmosphere
cyanobacteria
63
O2
level in Earth’s atmosphere increased
and by ∼1.78–1.68 bya oxygen
respiration could have been used to
support the growth of the first ___
single cell eukaryotes
64
___produced from O2
shielded the
earth.
ozone (O3)
65
are mats of
cyanobacteria- a
stromatolites
66
era from earliest to latest
Hadean
Archaean
Proterozoic
Cambrian to Present
67
- finely laminated sediments formed by the
accretion of both detrital and biochemical precipitates on
successive layers of microorganisms
stromatolites
68
abiotic to biotic transition has three phases
pre-darwinian
proto-darwinian
darwinian
69
includes prebiotic synthesis of organic compounds
pre-darwinian
70
membranous structures enveloping organic compounds
proto-darwinian
71
includes the first cell, evolution of cellular systems into bacteria and archaea > eukaryotes
darwinian
72
nvolve astrophysical and
geochemical activities
pre-darwinian
73
___enclosed with
membrane-like structures
were involved in the
formation of organic
molecules
vesicles
74
life arose from a “___ ___” in a lake on the
surface of Eart
primordial soup
75
organic compounds presumably
accumulated in the environment
what time
proto-darwinian
76
could have
included nucleic acid inside a vesicle
and that the vesicle had a mechanism
for generating an ionic charge across
the membrane barrier
prebiotic compounds
77
self-replicating single-stranded RNA
with auto- catalytic activity, ____
could provide a basis for development
of molecular biology in this
evolutionary process
ribozyme
78
replaced RNA as the molecule
carrying genetic information
DNA
79
what time did DNA replaced RNA as the molecule
carrying genetic information
proto-darwinian
80
* Cell had the capability for
heredity
* Evolution leading to different
lifestyles and life forms, periodic
environmental changes
providing the selective pressure
that led to new cell types.
* genetic variation in these
asexual microorganisms would
be attributed to mutations and
horizontal (lateral) gene transfer
which time
darwinian
81
establishment of a nucleus prior to the development of mitochondria and
chloroplasts by
endosymbiosis
82
mitochondria and chloroplast reproduce by ___
binary fission
83
* It is a theory that the first eukaryotic cells were created when two symbiotic
organisms fused their genomes.
gene fusion hypothesis
84
in gene fusion hypothesis, ___ ___arose spontaneousl
nuclear membrane
85
* One bacterial species has a “___” nuclear membrane
primitive
86
prokaryotic DNA is ___
simple and circular
87
eukaryotic DNA is ___ and has ___
linear
introns
exons
88
are noncoding sections of an RNA transcript, or the DNA encoding it, that are spliced out before the RNA molecule is translated into a protein.
introns
89
regions of DNA that are transcribed into RNA and become part of a mature messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule
exons
90
addresses the origin of chloroplasts and mitochondria where both of these
organelles developed from bacteria.
endosymbiotic hypothesis
91
genome of __ ____, an Alphaproteobacteria, is remarkably similar to
the mitochondrial genom
Ricketssia prowazekii
92
genome of Rickettsia prowazekii, an ___, is remarkably similar to
the mitochondrial genom
alphaproteobacteria
93
* chloroplasts in green algae and higher plants …evolved from
Prochloron
94
because it is the only aerobic photosynthetic cell that has both
chlorophyll a and b.
prochloron
95
mitochondria is from your __
mother
96
t is a model that explains how
metabolic pathways evolved from
primitive enzymes
patchwork hypothesis
97
It suggests that these enzymes
were promiscuous, meaning they
could react with many chemically
related substrates.
patchwork hypothesis
98
s a biological process where genetic material is transferred between two organisms through direct contact. It's a type of sexual reproduction that occurs between organisms that don't normally reproduce sexually, such as bacteria, fungi, and protozoa.
conjugation
99
is a process that involves the combination of genetic material from two different individuals to create a new organism.
sexual reproduction
100
is a process that creates offspring that are genetically identical to their parent. It doesn't involve the fusion of gametes, or reproductive cells.
asexual reproduction
101
These enzymes were slow and nonspecific, which allowed primitive
cells with small genomes to
overcome their limited coding
capacities
primitive enzymes
102
selected phenotypic characteristics of B,A,E
dissimilatory reduction of SO4 or Fe
B - Yes
A- Yes
E - No
103
selected phenotypic characteristics of B,A,E
Nitrification
B - Yes
A- Yes
E - No
104
selected phenotypic characteristics of B,A,E
Denitrification
B - Yes
A- Yes
E - No
105
selected phenotypic characteristics of B,A,E
Nitrogen Fixation
B- Yes
A- Yes
E - no
106
selected phenotypic characteristics of B,A,E
chemolithotrophy
B - Yes
A - Yes
E- No
107
selected phenotypic characteristics of B,A,E
methanogenesis
B - no
A - yes
E - no
108
selected phenotypic characteristics of B,A,E
oxygenic photosynthesis (chlorophyll based)
b - yes
a- no
e - yes
109
selected phenotypic characteristics of B,A,E
anaerobic photosynthesis (chlorophyll based)
b - yes
a - no
e - no
110
selected phenotypic characteristics of B,A,E
rhodophsin-based energy metabolism
b - yes
a - yes
e - no
111
is a visual pigment found in rod photoreceptor cells in the vertebrate retina
rhodopsin
112
use
chemical energy from
organic compounds,
minerals, and light-driven
reactions.
microbial cells
113
growth curve where there are depleted resources
death phase
114
growth curve where there are carrying capacity
stationary phase
115
growth curve where there are rapid decline of nutrients
log phase
116
growth curve where they show that there are resource competition already
log phase
117
Closely related organisms that can
interbreed
eukaryotic species
118
___ currently considered most important for grouping strains
together as a species
traits
119
or greater genomic DNA–DNA hybridization
70%
120
or greater identity (3% difference) in 16S rRNA gene
sequence.
97%
121
-based systematics, in which ecologically distinct species
are recognized
ecotype
122
analysis of gene content of an organism by sequencing and mapping of genomes (chromosomes of eukaryotes or nucleoid of prokaryotes)
genomics
123
analysis of gene content of all organisms in a specific environment
metagenomics
124
study evaluating the production of mRNA produced at a specific time by a cultured organism
transcriptomics
125
study of protein structure and protein regulation of an organism
proteomics
126
analysis of all proteins produced by all the organisms in a specific environment
metaproteomics
127
`study of small molecules and intermediate compounds produced from metabolism frequently includes the end products of metabolism
metabiomics
128
study of the various metal ions and their activities in a biological cell
metallomics
129
study of all the biological systems and biochemical components of cellular system
biolomics
130
study including all the microorganisms and their interactions with the immediate environment
microbiomics
131
can provide clues about the physiology and thus potential
biogeochemical role of uncultivated microbes.
metagenomics
