Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Microbial Ecology > Introduction to Microbial Ecology > Flashcards

Introduction to Microbial Ecology Flashcards

1
Q

study of microbes
within habitats, and their beneficial and detrimental
impacts on human health and welfare.

A

environmental microbiology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

– focuses on the interactions of
microorganisms within environment such as air,
water and soil.

A

microbial ecology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

microbial interactions factors

A

biological
chemical
physical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

biological factors can either be

A

competition
predation
symbiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

symbiosis can be

A

mutualism
commensalism
parasitism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

focuses on interaction of microorganisms with each other
(ex. bacteriophage)

A

microbial ecology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

is an interaction between organisms or species in which both require a resource that is in limited supply (such as food, water, or territory)

A

competition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

is an interaction between organisms or species in which both require a resource that is in limited supply (such as food, water, or territory)

A

predation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

is a long-term biological interaction between two or more organisms of different species

A

symbiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Both organisms benefit from the relationship. For example, bacteria and their hosts, where the bacteria synthesize vitamin K for the host

A

mutualism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

One organism benefits, while the other is not affected.

A

commensalism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

One organism benefits, while the other is harmed

A

parasitism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

chemical factors include

A

chemotaxis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

is a chemical that draws cells to a specific area by stimulating them to move towards it

A

chemoattractant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

is a substance that causes cells or organisms to move away from it

A

chemorepellent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

physical factors include

A

sunlight
temperature
salinity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

communication of
microorganisms based
on cell density

A

quorum sensing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

can be seen in
the sliminess of the teeth

A

biofilm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

example of microbial interactions

A

bacteria-fungi
bacteria-bacteria
fungi-fungi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

applications of microbial interactions

A

meical
food
agriculture
cell modeling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

focuses on an environment’s influence to the diversity, distribution, and abundance of microbes

A

microbial ecology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

shape the structures and composition of microbial communities that inhabit natural and built environments

A

physical factors
chemical factors
biological constraints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q
  • s the study of the structure and function of entire nucleotide sequences isolated and analyzed from all the organisms (typically microbes) in a bulk sample
A

metagenomics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

equivalent of tissue, organ, or entire microorganism

A

colony

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

equivalent of a single microorganism

A

microcolony

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

is associated with microbial production of shortchain fatty acids (SCFA) and bacterial diversity

A

intense exercise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q
  • ”It is increasingly recognized
    that the gut microbiota
    profoundly influences many
    aspects of host development
    and physiology, including the
    modulation of brain
    development and behavior.
A

microbial gut brain axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

The gut and brain communicate through the

A

gut-brain axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

why do we study microbial ecology

A
  • Microbes cause diseases of macroscopic organisms,
    including humans
  • Much of our food depends on microbes
  • Microbes degrade and detoxify pollutants
  • Microbes can be useful model systems for exploring
    general principles in ecology and evolution
  • Some microbes are examples of early life on earth and
    perhaps of life on other planets
    Microbes mediate many biogeochemical processes that
    affect global climate
  • Microbes are everywhere, doing nearly everything
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

is a chemical process that breaks down organic compounds without oxygen

A

fermentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

s a process that uses living organisms to clean up environmental pollutants.

A

bioremediation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

also known as a transposable element or transposon, is a segment of DNA that can move around within a genome.

A

jumping genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

was a Nobel Prize-winning geneticist who discovered that genes can move, or “jump”, to new locations on chromosomes

A

Barbara McClintock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

creates biofilm and a rock formation

A

cyanobacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

cyanobacteria is also called as

A

blue green algae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

was a period when oxygen levels in Earth’s atmosphere increased for the first time.

A

the great oxidation event

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what eon has the primary rise of oxygen in the atmoshpere

A

phanerozoic (bit of proterozoic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

published drawings of bacteria showing rods, cocci, and spiral

A

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

when was the formation of Earth

A

4.5 BYA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

According to the most widely accepted theory, the early Earth that collided with Theia to form the moon is called “proto-Earth” - essentially the early version of Earth before the impact with Theia occurred; this collision is known as the

A

Giant Impact Hypothesis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

The “giant impact hypothesis” is a widely accepted scientific theory that proposes the ___ formed from debris ejected into space after a Mars-sized object collided with the early Earth,

A

moon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

The object that collided with Earth is often called

A

Theia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Volcanic and hydrothermal activities released of various gases into the
atmosphere

dominant ones are: (4)

A

N2 (nitrogen)
, CO2 (carbon dioxide)
, CH4 (methane)
, NH3 (ammonia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Earth’s precellular state can be characterized as highly ____à
reducing power responsible for the formation of the first organic
compounds

A

anaerobic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

early life forms are utilizing(as
donor or souce)
chemolithotrophs, methanogens
etc.

A

hyperthermophilic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

hyperthermophilic archaea using
S0 as the ___acceptor or
those use of Fe3+ , SO4
2−, NO3−,CO2, or O2
as ___acceptors.

A

electron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

means using light to produce energy and create organic compounds

A

phototrophic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

is an organism that obtains energy by the oxidation of electron donors in their environments.

A

chemotroph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

is an organism that can produce its own food using light, water, carbon dioxide, or other chemicals

A

autotroph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

an organism that eats other plants or animals for energy and nutrients.

A

heterotroph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

are a diverse group of organisms using an inorganic substrate (usually of mineral origin) to obtain reducing equivalents for use in biosynthesis

A

lithotroph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

is an organism that obtains hydrogen or electrons from organic substrates.

A

organotroph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

study the major nutritional types of prokaryotes

54
Q

example of PAL

A

cyanobacteria

55
Q

example of CHO

A

most bacteria, some archaea

56
Q

example of PHO

A

some purple and green bacteria

57
Q

example of CAL

A

bacteria and many archaea

58
Q
  • ___photo-driven process by 3 bya.
59
Q
  • Followed by chlorophyll-containing
    anoxygenic bacterial photosynthesis
    involving ___ and ___bacteria where
    H2S was the electron source
A

purple and green

60
Q
  • Followed by chlorophyll-containing
    anoxygenic bacterial photosynthesis
    involving purple and green bacteria where
    ___ was the electron sourc
A

hydrogen sulfide

61
Q
  • Microbes to ___ land by 2.75 bya
62
Q

___ with oxygenic
photosynthesis produced the aerobic
atmosphere

A

cyanobacteria

63
Q

O2
level in Earth’s atmosphere increased
and by ∼1.78–1.68 bya oxygen
respiration could have been used to
support the growth of the first ___

A

single cell eukaryotes

64
Q

___produced from O2
shielded the
earth.

A

ozone (O3)

65
Q

are mats of
cyanobacteria- a

A

stromatolites

66
Q

era from earliest to latest

A

Hadean
Archaean
Proterozoic
Cambrian to Present

67
Q
  • finely laminated sediments formed by the
    accretion of both detrital and biochemical precipitates on
    successive layers of microorganisms
A

stromatolites

68
Q

abiotic to biotic transition has three phases

A

pre-darwinian
proto-darwinian
darwinian

69
Q

includes prebiotic synthesis of organic compounds

A

pre-darwinian

70
Q

membranous structures enveloping organic compounds

A

proto-darwinian

71
Q

includes the first cell, evolution of cellular systems into bacteria and archaea > eukaryotes

72
Q

nvolve astrophysical and
geochemical activities

A

pre-darwinian

73
Q

___enclosed with
membrane-like structures
were involved in the
formation of organic
molecules

74
Q

life arose from a “___ ___” in a lake on the
surface of Eart

A

primordial soup

75
Q

organic compounds presumably
accumulated in the environment

what time

A

proto-darwinian

76
Q

could have
included nucleic acid inside a vesicle
and that the vesicle had a mechanism
for generating an ionic charge across
the membrane barrier

A

prebiotic compounds

77
Q

self-replicating single-stranded RNA
with auto- catalytic activity, ____
could provide a basis for development
of molecular biology in this
evolutionary process

78
Q

replaced RNA as the molecule
carrying genetic information

79
Q

what time did DNA replaced RNA as the molecule
carrying genetic information

A

proto-darwinian

80
Q
  • Cell had the capability for
    heredity
  • Evolution leading to different
    lifestyles and life forms, periodic
    environmental changes
    providing the selective pressure
    that led to new cell types.
  • genetic variation in these
    asexual microorganisms would
    be attributed to mutations and
    horizontal (lateral) gene transfer

which time

81
Q

establishment of a nucleus prior to the development of mitochondria and
chloroplasts by

A

endosymbiosis

82
Q

mitochondria and chloroplast reproduce by ___

A

binary fission

83
Q
  • It is a theory that the first eukaryotic cells were created when two symbiotic
    organisms fused their genomes.
A

gene fusion hypothesis

84
Q

in gene fusion hypothesis, ___ ___arose spontaneousl

A

nuclear membrane

85
Q
  • One bacterial species has a “___” nuclear membrane
86
Q

prokaryotic DNA is ___

A

simple and circular

87
Q

eukaryotic DNA is ___ and has ___

A

linear
introns
exons

88
Q

are noncoding sections of an RNA transcript, or the DNA encoding it, that are spliced out before the RNA molecule is translated into a protein.

89
Q

regions of DNA that are transcribed into RNA and become part of a mature messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule

90
Q

addresses the origin of chloroplasts and mitochondria where both of these
organelles developed from bacteria.

A

endosymbiotic hypothesis

91
Q

genome of __ ____, an Alphaproteobacteria, is remarkably similar to
the mitochondrial genom

A

Ricketssia prowazekii

92
Q

genome of Rickettsia prowazekii, an ___, is remarkably similar to
the mitochondrial genom

A

alphaproteobacteria

93
Q
  • chloroplasts in green algae and higher plants …evolved from
A

Prochloron

94
Q

because it is the only aerobic photosynthetic cell that has both
chlorophyll a and b.

A

prochloron

95
Q

mitochondria is from your __

96
Q

t is a model that explains how
metabolic pathways evolved from
primitive enzymes

A

patchwork hypothesis

97
Q

It suggests that these enzymes
were promiscuous, meaning they
could react with many chemically
related substrates.

A

patchwork hypothesis

98
Q

s a biological process where genetic material is transferred between two organisms through direct contact. It’s a type of sexual reproduction that occurs between organisms that don’t normally reproduce sexually, such as bacteria, fungi, and protozoa.

A

conjugation

99
Q

is a process that involves the combination of genetic material from two different individuals to create a new organism.

A

sexual reproduction

100
Q

is a process that creates offspring that are genetically identical to their parent. It doesn’t involve the fusion of gametes, or reproductive cells.

A

asexual reproduction

101
Q

These enzymes were slow and nonspecific, which allowed primitive
cells with small genomes to
overcome their limited coding
capacities

A

primitive enzymes

102
Q

selected phenotypic characteristics of B,A,E

dissimilatory reduction of SO4 or Fe

A

B - Yes
A- Yes
E - No

103
Q

selected phenotypic characteristics of B,A,E

Nitrification

A

B - Yes
A- Yes
E - No

104
Q

selected phenotypic characteristics of B,A,E

Denitrification

A

B - Yes
A- Yes
E - No

105
Q

selected phenotypic characteristics of B,A,E

Nitrogen Fixation

A

B- Yes
A- Yes
E - no

106
Q

selected phenotypic characteristics of B,A,E

chemolithotrophy

A

B - Yes
A - Yes
E- No

107
Q

selected phenotypic characteristics of B,A,E

methanogenesis

A

B - no
A - yes
E - no

108
Q

selected phenotypic characteristics of B,A,E

oxygenic photosynthesis (chlorophyll based)

A

b - yes
a- no
e - yes

109
Q

selected phenotypic characteristics of B,A,E

anaerobic photosynthesis (chlorophyll based)

A

b - yes
a - no
e - no

110
Q

selected phenotypic characteristics of B,A,E

rhodophsin-based energy metabolism

A

b - yes
a - yes
e - no

111
Q

is a visual pigment found in rod photoreceptor cells in the vertebrate retina

112
Q

use
chemical energy from
organic compounds,
minerals, and light-driven
reactions.

A

microbial cells

113
Q

growth curve where there are depleted resources

A

death phase

114
Q

growth curve where there are carrying capacity

A

stationary phase

115
Q

growth curve where there are rapid decline of nutrients

116
Q

growth curve where they show that there are resource competition already

117
Q

Closely related organisms that can
interbreed

A

eukaryotic species

118
Q

___ currently considered most important for grouping strains
together as a species

119
Q

or greater genomic DNA–DNA hybridization

120
Q

or greater identity (3% difference) in 16S rRNA gene
sequence.

121
Q

-based systematics, in which ecologically distinct species
are recognized

122
Q

analysis of gene content of an organism by sequencing and mapping of genomes (chromosomes of eukaryotes or nucleoid of prokaryotes)

123
Q

analysis of gene content of all organisms in a specific environment

A

metagenomics

124
Q

study evaluating the production of mRNA produced at a specific time by a cultured organism

A

transcriptomics

125
Q

study of protein structure and protein regulation of an organism

A

proteomics

126
Q

analysis of all proteins produced by all the organisms in a specific environment

A

metaproteomics

127
Q

`study of small molecules and intermediate compounds produced from metabolism frequently includes the end products of metabolism

A

metabiomics

128
Q

study of the various metal ions and their activities in a biological cell

A

metallomics

129
Q

study of all the biological systems and biochemical components of cellular system

130
Q

study including all the microorganisms and their interactions with the immediate environment

A

microbiomics

131
Q

can provide clues about the physiology and thus potential
biogeochemical role of uncultivated microbes.

A

metagenomics

Microbial Ecology (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions