Cell Systems Flashcards
1
Q
bacteria characteristic of microbial life
A
defined structure
metabolism
growth and reproduction
response to stimulus
1
Q
Much variability of life adaptation is expected
among ___as compared to plants and
animals
A
bacteria
2
Q
variations at the cell level means ____ to specific chemical or physical environments
A
adaptation
3
Q
Many bacteria have similar cellular morphology but differ in
that they have specific ____characteristics that reflect
physiological adaptations.
A
biochemical
4
Q
- With Average length of 0.1–0.5 µm
A
nanobacteria
5
Q
common characteristic of nano bacteria
A
host dependent
lack cell wall or obligate parasites
found in soil, freshwater, and marine environments with nutrient limiting environments
6
Q
deficient in some genes preventing them from growing
outside hosts
what common characteristics of nano bacteria
A
host dependent
7
Q
example of nanobacteria host dependent
A
Buchnera aphidicola
8
Q
Found in soil, freshwater and marine environments with nutrient- limiting
environments
what bacteria
A
nanobacteria
9
Q
a symbiont of insects lacking many genes that cannot grow outside the host
A
buchnera
10
Q
are specialized cells in insects that house symbiotic bacteria and fungi
A
bacteriocytes
11
Q
Cells with a high surface-to-volume ratio would more rapidly distribute
chemicals within the cell than cells with a lower surface- to-volume ratio.
A
large prokaryotes
12
Q
large microorganisms have adjusted to counter the low surface-to- volume
ratio by having active cytoplasmic metabolism primarily adjacent to the
plasma membrane.
A
large prokaryotes
13
Q
large prokaryotes have adjusted to counter the low surface to volume ratio by having
A
active cytoplasmic metabolism adjacent to plasma membrane
14
Q
largest bacterium
A
Thiomargarita magnifica
15
Q
It is the movement of an
organism or entity in response
to a chemical stimulus
A
chemotaxis
16
Q
- It is a mechanism by which
bacteria efficiently and rapidly
respond to changes in the
chemical composition of their
environment, approaching
chemically favorable
environments and avoiding
unfavorable ones
A
chemotaxis
17
Q
is the movement of an organism toward a higher concentration of a chemical stimulus
A
positive chemotaxis
18
Q
is when cells move away from a chemical signal, toward areas with a lower concentration of that chemical.
A
negative chemotaxis
19
Q
It is a motile organelle
composed of thousands of
protein subunits.
A
bacterial flagellum
20
Q
in eukaryotic bacteria, their flagellum is made up of
A
microtubule
21
Q
The filamentous part that
extends from the cell membrane
is called the ___ ____ and
consists of three major parts
A
axial structure
22
Q
three major parts of bacterial flagellum
A
filament
hook
basal body
23
Q
- made of globular
protein flagellin in chains to
form a hollow core
A
filament
24
end of the filament.
hook
25
anchors
flagellum to cell wall and
plasma membrane through
series of rings
basal body
26
– aligns the flagella into a single rotating bundle, causing the bacterium
to swim in a straight line.
counter clockwise rotation
27
breaks the flagella bundle apart such that each flagellum points in a different
direction, causing the bacterium to tumble in place
clockwise rotation
28
These are bundles of
flagella called
axial filaments
29
These are bundles of
flagella called axial filaments
that wrap around the cell
body of spirochetes.
endoflagella
30
* The axial filaments cause
the bundles of flagella to
rotate to help the ___
move in a twisting motion.
spirochete
31
gram reaction of spirochete
gram negative
32
* Is the ability of certain rodshaped bacteria to translocate
on surfaces without the aid of
external appendages such as
flagella, cilia, or pili.
gliding motility
33
This motility is crucial to their
developmental cycle because
it regulates their proliferation in
the presence of nutrients or
aggregation to form fruiting
bodies in starvation conditions
gliding motility
34
example of bacteria that employs gliding motility
Flavobacterium johnsoniae
35
* It cause cells of magnetotactic
bacteria to passively align and
swim along the Earth's magnetic
field lines, as miniature motile
compass needles.
magnetostomes
36
magnetostomes are found in what kind of bacteria
chemolitotrophic
37
These are specialized
compartments consist of a
phospholipid bilayer membrane
surrounding magnetic crystals of
magnetite (Fe3O4
) or greigite
(Fe3S4
magnetostomesm
38
magnetite
Fe3O4
39
geigite
Fe3S4
40
s a hollow
structure made of protein, it
usually has the form of a
cylindrical tube closed by
conical end caps.
gas vesicle
41
utilized by aquatic microorganisms for buoyancy eg. cyanobacteria
gas vesicles
42
* Gas vesicles occur in ___
phyla of the Bacteria and ___
groups of the Archaea, but
they are mostly restricted to
___microorganisms,
in which they provide
buoyancy
5
2
planktonic
43
random walk motion is attributed to the rotation of ___ driven by proton reentry at the plasma membrane-flagellum interface
flagella
44
flagella at the ends of rigid spirochetes is located between envelope and cell wall; enables cell to move in viscous matrix
endoflagella
45
"corkscrew" action
endoflagella
46
encapsulated bacteria slide across a surface byt an unknown mechanism
gliding (cell surface)
47
an aggregate of Fe3O4 that is found by a small granule and frequently occurs as a chain of granules in a cell
magnetostomes
48
cytoplasm of aquatic bacteria have intracellujlar cylinder-like structures filled with gas and regulate cell buoyancy
gas vacuoles
49
structures that microbes use to protect
themselves
endospores
50
* It is a drastic response
undertaken by some
bacteria (mostly Firmicutes)
in response to extreme
stress.
sporulation
51
During sporulation, the
growing cell (also referred to
as a vegetative cell) will
forego normal cellular
division to instead form an
___.
endospore
52
anaerobic, when O2 is available they are inside of their
endospore
clostridium tetani
53
happens when
favorable conditions exists
vegetative cell formation
54
sporulation mechanism (6)
end of vegetative stage
asymmetric cell division
engulfment
forming cortex
forming spore coat
maturation and mother cell lysis
55
It is an enveloped, thick-walled,
non-motile, dormant cell formed
by filamentous, heterocystforming cyanobacteria under the
order Nostocales and
Stigonematales
akinete
56
akinete is unique for
cyanobacteria
57
resistant structures that are resistant to cold
and desiccatio
akinete
58
Is a type of asexual reproductive
spore of fungi usually produced
at the tip or side of hyphae or on
special spore-producing
structures called conidiophores
conidia
59
conidia Is a type of asexual reproductive
spore of fungi usually produced
at the tip or side of hyphae or on
special spore-producing
structures called ____
conidiophore
60
The main function of the conidia
is to
germinate and create a new generation
61
* These spores also have a very
important role to play in biological
dispersal
conidia
62
two morphological stage of a cyst forming microorganism
cyst
trophozoite
63
s a single-celled organism that is the active feeding stage of certain protozoa
trophozoite
64
* It is a resting or dormant stage of a microorganism, usually a
bacterium or a protist, that helps the organism to survive in
unfavorable environmental conditions.
cyst
65
These are diverse
intracellular non-living
substances that are not
bound by membranes.
cell inclusions
66
cell inclusions include
stored nutrient substances
secretory products
pigment granules
67
inclusion for buoyancy in vertical water column
gas vesicles
68
site of CO2 fixation, enzymes for autotrophic CO2 fixation
carboxysomes
69
reserve carbon and energy phoasphates, linear polymers of PO4
metachromatic granules
70
reserve C and energy source, polyglucose
glycogen bodies
71
bacterial organelles that store excess carbohydrates in the form of water-insoluble polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB)
pHB granules
72
reserve C source, made of amylose and amylopectin
starch granules
73
orienting and migrating along geomagnetic field lines, made up of magnetite, iron oxide, Fe3O4
magnetostomes
74
reserve of electrons in phototrophs and reserve of energy source in lithotrophs, made of elemental sulfur
sulfur granules
75
light harvesting pigments and antennae, made of bacteriochlorophyll, proteins, and lipids
chlorosomes
76
Biofilms and microbial aggregates are a common mechanism
for the ___of bacteria in nature.
survival
77
S are communities of microorganisms
attached to a living or inert surface in an aqueous
environment and surrounded in a matrix of extracellular
polymeric substances
microbial biofilms
78
- bacteria of the same type form
multicellular clumps that eventually settle at the bottom of
culture tubes
autoaggregation
79
is a process
by which genetically distinct
bacteria become attached to one
another via specific molecules,
such adhesion influences the
development of complex multispecies biofilms
coaggregation
80
this lead to oral diseaes such as dental caries and periodental disease
dental plaque (biofilm)
81
are those whose cells are not
separated following cell
division and so tend to grow in
the form of 'FILAMENTS
filaments
82
Microorganisms with filamentous
growthmay have a ___
advantage overindividual cells
nutritional
83
structure of fungal cells that used to grow and gather nutrients
hypha
84
fungi associated with plant roots
mycorrhiza
85
System within the microbes body used to react on stimulus/external
factors.
sensory system
86
* Bacteria have a well-developed sensory system that allows them to
swim toward ____, which are usually nutrients, and away from
____
attractants
repellents
87
collective behaviors include (3)
bioluminescence
antibiotic production
conjugation
biofilm formation
virulence factors
88
These systems typically involve a single protein that can sense an environmental signal and directly affect a cellular response
one component transduction system
89
These systems involve two main components: a sensor histidine kinase (HK) and a response regulator (RR)
two component signal transduction system
90
often found in eukaryotes, such as the MAP kinase pathways
one component transduction system
91
system where stimulus is chemical attracts or repel swimming bacteria
chemotaxis
92
system where stimulus is high cell density or increased pH or temperature
spore production
93
system where stimulus is chemical secreted by plant roots
rhizobial symbiosis
94
system where stimulus is increased osmotic pressure
porin production
95
system where stimulus is presence of metals at sublethal concentration
resistance to heavy metals
96
system where stimulus is changes in pH, temperature, or osmotic pressure
toxin production
97
system where stimulus is deficiency of chemicals for metabolism in environment
production of extracellular protease or amlyase
98
system where stimulus is influenced by nitrate or ammonium present
assimilation of nitrogen
99
system where stimulus is increase in osmotic state
capsule synthesis
100
system where stimulus is oxygen concentration in the environment
redox response in heterotrophs
101
It is the regulation of gene expression in response to
fluctuations in cell-population density.
quorum sensing
102
Quorum sensing bacteria produce and release chemical
signal molecules called a
autoinducers
103
ncrease in
concentration as a function of cell density
autoinducers
104
It is a cluster of genes that are transcribed together to give a
single messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, which therefore
encodes multiple proteins
operon
105
where repressor and
activator attaches
repressor gene
106
s a group of genes that control the metabolism of lactose in bacteria
lac operon
107
hydrolyse lactose into glucose and galactose
B-galactosidase
108
lactose transporter into cell
permease
109
adds acetly group to galactose
transacetylase
110
It is a collection of genes or operons that respond to a
specific signal by a single regulatory protein by turning on or
off
regulon
111
refers to a set of regulons capable of producing
changes in response to stress. Since this involves several
regulons, several regulatory mechanisms are employed in the
regulation of the response. Highest level of DNA expression
modulon
112
Highest level of DNA expression
modulon
113
refers to a set of genes expressed in response to
the specific environmental stimuli.
stimulon
114
Internal foldings within the cell structure of prokaryotes.
intermal membranes
115
- infoldings
of plasma membrane in prokaryotes
chromatophores
thylakoids
116
internal membrane that Gemmata obscuriglobus have
nucleoid membrane
117
internal membrane that magnetostatic bacteri have
magnetosomes
118
internal membrane that Chromatium vinosum have
chromosomes
119
internal membrane that Brocadia anammocidans have
anammoxosome
120
is a large compartment within anammox bacteria that performs anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox).
annamoxasome
121
annamox is also known as
anaerobic ammonium oxidation
122
internal membrane that Nitrosococcus oceani have
ammonia oxidizing membrane
123
internal membrane that Nitrobacter winogradski have
membranes at the pole
124
For microbial growth, ATP must be produced, and
there are three major mechanisms for producing
ATP in biological systems
oxidative phosphorylation
substrate level phosphorylation
photophosphorylation
125
s only for anaerobic organism
glycolysis
126
Uses organic compounds synthesized by microorganisms, plants, or animals
as a source of carbon and energy.
heterotrophs
127
general group that are heterotrophs
fungi
protozoans
128
* Have the enzymatic capability of utilizing glucose.
heterotrophs
129
Extracellular enzymes degrade polymeric structures into small molecules that
readily traverse the cell wall and are taken up by specific transporter systems
heterotrophs
130
* It is an organism that is able to use inorganic reduced compounds as a
source of energy (this mode of metabolism is known as
chemolithotrophy)
chemolitotrophs
131
* Electron flow proceeds from an electron donor to an electron acceptor,
and microorganisms interface with the redox reactions to couple
physiological activities
chemolitotrophs
132
* It is an organism that can use visible light as a primary energy source
for metabolism (a process known as photosynthesis).
phototrophs
133
They use the energy from light to carry out various cellular metabolic
processes
phototrophs
