Diversity of Microorganisms Flashcards
“The affinities of all beings of the same class have
sometime represented by a great tree, the green
and budding twigs may represent existing species,
and those produced during each former year may
represent the long succession of extinct species”.
who stated this
Charles Darwin
Father of Evolution
Charles Darwin
current tree of life is created by
Hug et al. 2016
microbes surviving in extremely cold environments
psychrophiles
microbes surviving in extremely hot environments
hyperthermophiles
Extremely hot environments
hot springs and deep-sea
hydrothermal vents
temperature of extremely hot environments
121oC
- In very cold temperatures in the permafrost is measured at
-20oC
Salty environments such as salterns and Dead sea
what microorganisms can survive here
halophiles
a set of pools in which seawater is left to evaporate to make salt.
saltern
require salt to survive
halophile
can grow in the presence of salt
halotolerant
Very acidic and alkaline environments include
acid mine drainage and playa lake
microbes that can survive Very acidic and alkaline environments
acidophiles
alkaliphiles
where is Atacama desert located
Chile
cell wall composition of Eukarya
no peptidoglycan, many different forms
Archaea cell wall composition
glycoprotein, protein, pseudomurein, wall-less
Bacteria cell wall composition
lipopolysaccharide and murein, protein, cell wall-less
cytoplasm membrane of Eukarya and Bacteria is made up of
glycerol esters of fatty acids
cytoplasm membrane of Archaea is made up of
isoprenoids
genetic material of Eukarya (shape and arrangement, presence of histones)
nucleus with more than one linear chromosome, histones present
genetic material of Archaea
circular chromosome, plasmids, and viruses, histones present
genetic material of Bacteria
circular chromosome, plasmids, and viruses, no histones
how many RNA polymerase does Eukarya have
3 (12-14 subunits)
how many RNA polymerases does Archaea have
1 (8-12 subunits)
how many RNA polymerases does Bacteria have
1 (4 subunits)
determine the difference between Eukarya, Archaea and Bacteria:
transcription factors required?
E - yes
A - Yes
B - no
determine the difference between Eukarya, Archaea and Bacteria:
chloramphenicol, streptomycin, kanamycin sensitivity
E - No
A- No
B - Yes
- Obtained with contributions from single cell genomics and
metagenomics studies
tree of life
are groups within a single species of microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses, which share distinctive surface structures
serotypes
what is sequenced from each organism in Hug et al’s tree of life
16 ribosomal protein instead of 16srRNA
what is the advantage of ribosomal protein tree over rRNA gene tree
includes organisms with incomplete or unavailable
SSU rRNA gene sequence.
have been shown to contain
compositional biases across the tree domains, driven by
thermophilic, mesophilic or halophilic lifestyles.
ribosomal proteins
– members have relatively
small genomes and most have somewhat (if not highly)
restricted metabolic capacities
candidate phyla radiation
includes more major lineages of organisms
than other Domains
bacteria
are less prominent and less diverse in many
ecosystems.
archaea
The lower apparent phylogenetic diversity of ___ is fully
expected, based on their comparatively recent evolution
eukarya
Analysis highlights the large fraction of diversity that is
currently only accessible via what method
cultivation-independent genome-resolve approaches
how many phyla does Woese (1987) propose for Bacterial groups
11
how many phyla does Hugenholtz et al (1988) propose for Bacterial groups
36
how many phyla does Rappe(2003) propose for Bacterial groups
52
By all indications, the number of phyla
within the bacterial domain will continue
to increase as more environments are
explored using ___ techniques.
molecular
Hug et al (2016) named how many bacterial phyla
92
- Utilize photochemical reaction centers.
phototrophs
phototrophs are usually colored
green
what do phototrophic bacteria have instead of chloroplast
thylakoid
phototrophic bacteria
firmicutes
facultative phototrophs
proteobacteria
– filamentous, gliding, perfom anoxygenic
photosynthesis
chloroflexi
oxygen-evolving photosynthetic bacterium
cyanobacteria
obligate anaerobic
photoautotroph
chlorobi
chlorobi is also known as
green sulfur bacteria
process that use chemical energy
to create food
chemosynthesis
Discovered in 2007
* Form “filamentous stalk-like
structures of iron oxyhydroxides”
during their growth.
zebraproteobacteria
Microaerophilic that grow
exclusively in reduced iron with
carbon dioxide as sole carbon
source, (pH 5.5 – 7.2)
zebraproteobacteria
pH range of zebraproteobacteria
pH 5.5 - 7.2
- Grow at highest temperatures
(60-90C)
aquaficales
aquaficales grow at what pH
neutral/slightly acidic
Obligate chemolithotrophic
bacterium
aquaficales
nitrogen is in what state in nature
gaseous
s the process of converting inorganic nitrogen compounds into organic nitrogen compounds
nitrogen assimilation
is the process of breaking down organic nitrogen into ammonia or ammonium
ammonification
Can be free-living or form symbiotic relationship with
the roots of plants.
nitrogen fixers
forms symbiotic relationship with lichens (fixes
nitrogen).
nostoc spp
: These bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen (N₂) into ammonia (NH₃), a form that plants can use.
nitrogen fixing bacteria
: These bacteria convert ammonia into nitrites (NO₂⁻) and then nitrates (NO₃⁻), which are also usable by plants.
nitrifying bacteria
These bacteria convert nitrates back into atmospheric nitrogen (N₂), completing the cycle
denitrifying bacteria
These bacteria decompose organic matter, releasing ammonia back into the soil.
ammonifying bacteria
examples of nitrogen fixing bacteria
azotobacter
rhizobium
nitrogen fixing bacteria that is symbiotic with legumes
rhizobium
azotobacter lives where
free living in soil
bacteria converting ammonia to nitrites
nitrosomonas
bacteria converting nitrites to nitrates
nitrobacter
examples of denitrifying bacteria
Pseudomonas
Clostridium
example of ammonifying bacteria
Bacillus
Proteus
Nostoc, Anabaena, Trichodesmium, Synechococcus, and Cyanothece belong in what phyla
Cyanobacteria
frankia is under what phyla
actinobacteria
sinorhizobrium and mesorhizobium is under what genus
a-proteobacteria
asoarcus and burkholderia is under what genus
betaproteobacteria
azotobacter and pseudomonas is under what proteobacteria
gamma broteobacteria
gloeobacter and desulfovibrio is under what proteobacteria
deltaproteobacteria
clostridium is under what phyla
firmicutes
cholorbium is under what phyla
bacteroidetes/chlorobiales
treponema is under what phyla
spirochaetales
dehalococcoides is under what phyla
chloroflexi
phylum of domain archaea established by Woese et al. 1990
crenararcheaota
euryarchaeota
re typically associated with extreme heat and sulfur-rich environments
crenararcheota
re more diverse and can be found in a wider range of habitats, including those with high salt concentrations and those involved in methane productio
euryarchaeota
phylum of mesophilic archaea
Thaumarchaeota
There is a lack of cultivated
what archaeal species that has
greatly hampered our knowledge
of the roles that these organisms
play in the ecosystem.
crenararcheaotal
how many archaeal phyla based on Hug et al (2016)
26
is the entire process by which the defining traits
of eukaryotic cells arose in the lineages that eventually gave rise to all
present-day eukaryotes
eukaryogenesis
LUCA means
last unknown common ancestor
LECA means
last eukaryote common ancestor
irst unknown common ancestor is under what domain
bacteria
is a hypothesis in evolutionary biology that suggests eukaryotes (organisms with complex cells, including humans) originated from a group of prokaryotes called eocytes (now classified under the domain Archaea)
the eocyte tree
Numerous within the Archaea,
especially within the Crenarchaeota.
based on cardinal temperature
hyperthermophiles
First described in the early 1980s, 34
genera across 10 orders within the
bacteria and Archaea have been
identified.
what cardinal temperature
hyperthermophile
hyperthermophiles are facultative ___
heterotrophs
Found in solfataric fields (have
abundance of pyrite or Fe(OH)3
,
CO2
, H2S, H2
, and CH4 – essential for
their metabolic activities) associated
with volcanoes
hyperthermophiles
are areas where hot, sulfur-rich gases escape from the earth, forming mud pots, soils, and sulfur-rich springs.
solftaric fields
solftaric fields have abundance of
pyrite
Can be found also in Hydrothermal
vents ecosystem
hyperthermohpiles
Hyperthermophiles that have H2 as an electron donor and electron acceptor of CO2 produces what
methane
Hyperthermophiles that have H2 as an electron donor and electron acceptor of FE(OH)3 produces what
magnetite
Hyperthermophiles that have H2 as an electron donor and electron acceptor of S0, SO42- produces what
hydrogen sulfide
Hyperthermophiles that have H2 as an electron donor and electron acceptor of NO3- produces what
nitrogen (ammonia)
Hyperthermophiles that have H2 as an electron donor and electron acceptor of O2 produces what
water
Hyperthermophiles that have S0 (pyrite) as an electron donor and electron acceptor of O2 produces what
H2SO4 (+FeSO4)
- The group reside within the
Euryarchaeota - Living at moderate pH, temperature
and salinity in contrast with other
archaeans.
methanogens
Significant for their production of
large amount of methane,, which
they produce under anaerobic
conditions.
methanogens
methanogens have what oxygen requirement
strict anaerobes
why are methanogens strict anaerobes
enzymes for
methanogenesis is sensitive in the
present of oxygen
methanogens are found where
anoxic sediments
anerobic digestors
animal guts
Production of ___ provides substantial energy for the organisms.
methane
Salt lovers
halophiles
halophiles belong to what archaeotal phyla
euryarchaeota
halophiles is under what order
halobacteriales
sal concentration of 150-200 g/L
hypersaline
Halophilic organisms in
hypersaline (salt conc. >150-
200 g/L) environments
halophiles
three types of protist
animal like
plant like
fungal like
asexual reproduction of protist produces ___ under ___ conditions
clone
favorable
sexual reproduction of protist produces ___ under ___ conditions
unique individual
unfavorable conditions
- Usually aquatic, present in the
soil or areas with moisture.
protistan group
protists are ___ organisms
unicellular
multicellular protist
algae
protists are prokaryotic/eukaryotic
eukaryotic
locomotion of protists is due to what structures
flagella, cilia, pseudopods
animal like protist
protoza
plant like protist
algae
fungal like protist
slime mold
protists that are Often photosynthetic, unicellular
and are motile (flagella is present)
alveolates
protists that are Highly beneficial in their role as
the zooxanthellae symbionts in
corals, and very harmful members
of algal blooms (red tide).
alveolates
- are a type of plankton—tiny marine organisms that can sometimes
cause the surface of the ocean to sparkle at night.
bioluminescent dinoflagellate
- Some bioluminescent organisms do not synthesize ___(Instead,
they absorb it through other organisms, either as food or in a symbiotic
relationship)
luciferin
is a chemical compound that produces light in organisms that are bioluminescent.
luciferin
Most are algae, ranging from
the giant multicellular kelp to
the unicellular diatoms,
which are a primary
component of plankton
stramenophiles
which are a primary
component of plankton.
unicellular diatoms
key primary producers ammounting to <40% of ocean primary productivity
stramenophiles
- Social amoeba, found in soils
amoebozoa (slime mold)
slime molds can be what arrangement
unicellular or aggregate of amoeba or pseudoplasmodium (slug or mound)
Produce fruiting bodies similar to
fungi
slime mold
slime molds feed on ___
bacteria
An eocyte is a prokaryote believed to be the ancestor of both archean and eukaryotes.
t/f
true
Protozoans can move using flagella, pseudopodia, or cilia
t/f
true
Yeasts are protists
t/f
false
Nitrogen fixers are bacteria that can convert nitrogen gas that can convert useful nitrogen derivatives like nitrites and nitrates
t/f
true
Eurkaryogenesis is a process to which eukaryotes are derived from archaean ancestor
t/f
true
Slime molds are decomposers
t/f
true
characteristic of fungal groups that release
enzymes that digest organic
materials in the environment
and absorb it.
heterotrophic
fungal groups can grow as __ or ___
filaments
single celled (yeast)
fungal groups have cell walls made up of
chitin and glucan cell walls
asexual reproiduction of fungi involves this
spores
many hypha
mycelium
- Are a predominantly aquatic group
found in soils from ditches and the
banks of ponds and streams even
found in desert soils and the
rumens of large herbivorous
mammals.
what division of fungi
chytridiomycota
the chytrids
chytridiomycota
chytrids are distinguished from other
fungi primarily by their
motile cells
motile cells of chytrids inclue
zoospores and cgametes
motile cells of chytrids have what structures
single, posterior,
whiplash flagellum
The asexual spore of chytrids is called a
zoospore
R. stolonifera or bread mold is a
best example of this group.
zygomycota (zygomycetes)
sexual spore of zygomycetes
zygospore
asexual spore of zygomycota
sporangiospore
zygomycota’s characteristic-the formation of
sexually produced resting spores
called
zygospores
d zygospores, which develop
within thick-walled structures called ___ in species that reproduce sexually
zygosporangia
Sexual reproduction requires the
presence of two physiologically
distinct ___, designated + and –
strains in zygomycota
mycelia
- Mushrooms are best example of
these group.
basidiomycota
club fungi is also known as
basidiomycota
is produced at the tip of
hyphae and normally is club-shaped
basidium
Two or more ___are
produced by the basidium
basidiospores
basidia may be held within fruiting
bodies called
basidiocarps
Unlike most fungi, ___ reproduce sexually as opposed to asexually
basidiomycota
asexual spores of basidiomycota
conidia
Are named for their characteristic
reproductive structure, the saclike
ascus.
ascomycota
sac fungi
ascomycota
___ reproduction is common in
ascomycetes and takes place by
way of ___
asexual
conidiospores
sexual spores of ascomycetes
ascospores
structure of ascomycota that has ascospores
ascus
examples of sac fungi
aspergillus
penicillum
saccharomyces
- Any fungi whose sexual stage
has not been observed.
deuteromycota
imperfect fungi
deuteromycota
deuteromycota reprodce through asexual spores called
conidia
- Contain chlorophyll, some are unicellular while some are colonial and mulicellular
algal groups
algae with similar
cells with similar generalized
functions
colonial
algae with a - body composed of a variety of
cells with specific functions
multicelluar
Chlorophyll and carotene pigments are in approximately the
same proportions as in most “higher plants.
division chlorophyta
division chlorophyta has what pigments (4)
chlorophyll a and b
xanthophylls
carotene
Multicellular and almost exclusively marine
division phaeophyta
division phaeophyta posses what pigment
chlorophyll a and c
fucoxanthin
kelp forest in temperate regions contain this
kelp forest
is a carotenoid pigment found in brown algae and microalgae
fucoxanthin
hese are the flat, leaf-like structures of the algae that are used for photosynthesis. They increase the surface area exposed to sunlight, enabling the algae to efficiently capture light energy.
blades
lso known as pneumatocysts, these are gas-filled bladders that help the algae stay buoyant and keep the blades near the surface of the water, where light is more abundant for photosynthesis.
float
float is also known as
pneumatocysts
his is the stem-like structure that connects the blades to the holdfast. It provides support and flexibility to the algae, allowing it to withstand the movement of water.
stipe
This is the root-like structure that anchors the algae to a substrate, such as rocks or other surfaces underwater. Unlike true roots, holdfasts do not absorb nutrients; they simply provide stability.
holfast
- Posses chlorophyll a (no chlorophyll b) and accessory pigments
phycoerythrin (red) and phycocyanin (blue)
rhodophyta (red algae)
red algae pigments include
chloropyll
phycoerythryin
phycocyanin
red accessory pigment of rhodophyta
phycoerythrin
blue accessory pigment of rhodophyta
phycocyanin
red algae
rhodophyta
