Diversity of Microorganisms Flashcards by Franchez Cassandra Escander

“The affinities of all beings of the same class have
sometime represented by a great tree, the green
and budding twigs may represent existing species,
and those produced during each former year may
represent the long succession of extinct species”.

who stated this

Charles Darwin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Father of Evolution

Charles Darwin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

current tree of life is created by

Hug et al. 2016

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

microbes surviving in extremely cold environments

psychrophiles

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

microbes surviving in extremely hot environments

hyperthermophiles

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Extremely hot environments

hot springs and deep-sea
hydrothermal vents

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

temperature of extremely hot environments

121oC

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In very cold temperatures in the permafrost is measured at

-20oC

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Salty environments such as salterns and Dead sea

what microorganisms can survive here

halophiles

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

a set of pools in which seawater is left to evaporate to make salt.

saltern

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

require salt to survive

halophile

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

can grow in the presence of salt

halotolerant

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Very acidic and alkaline environments include

acid mine drainage and playa lake

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

microbes that can survive Very acidic and alkaline environments

acidophiles
alkaliphiles

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

where is Atacama desert located

Chile

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

cell wall composition of Eukarya

no peptidoglycan, many different forms

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Archaea cell wall composition

glycoprotein, protein, pseudomurein, wall-less

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Bacteria cell wall composition

lipopolysaccharide and murein, protein, cell wall-less

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

cytoplasm membrane of Eukarya and Bacteria is made up of

glycerol esters of fatty acids

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

cytoplasm membrane of Archaea is made up of

isoprenoids

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

genetic material of Eukarya (shape and arrangement, presence of histones)

nucleus with more than one linear chromosome, histones present

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

genetic material of Archaea

circular chromosome, plasmids, and viruses, histones present

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

genetic material of Bacteria

circular chromosome, plasmids, and viruses, no histones

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

how many RNA polymerase does Eukarya have

3 (12-14 subunits)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

how many RNA polymerases does Archaea have

1 (8-12 subunits)

how many RNA polymerases does Bacteria have

1 (4 subunits)

determine the difference between Eukarya, Archaea and Bacteria: transcription factors required?

E - yes A - Yes B - no

determine the difference between Eukarya, Archaea and Bacteria: chloramphenicol, streptomycin, kanamycin sensitivity

E - No A- No B - Yes

* Obtained with contributions from single cell genomics and metagenomics studies

tree of life

are groups within a single species of microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses, which share distinctive surface structures

serotypes

what is sequenced from each organism in Hug et al's tree of life

16 ribosomal protein instead of 16srRNA

what is the advantage of ribosomal protein tree over rRNA gene tree

includes organisms with incomplete or unavailable SSU rRNA gene sequence.

have been shown to contain compositional biases across the tree domains, driven by thermophilic, mesophilic or halophilic lifestyles.

ribosomal proteins

– members have relatively small genomes and most have somewhat (if not highly) restricted metabolic capacities

candidate phyla radiation

includes more major lineages of organisms than other Domains

bacteria

are less prominent and less diverse in many ecosystems.

archaea

The lower apparent phylogenetic diversity of ___ is fully expected, based on their comparatively recent evolution

eukarya

Analysis highlights the large fraction of diversity that is currently only accessible via what method

cultivation-independent genome-resolve approaches

how many phyla does Woese (1987) propose for Bacterial groups

how many phyla does Hugenholtz et al (1988) propose for Bacterial groups

how many phyla does Rappe(2003) propose for Bacterial groups

By all indications, the number of phyla within the bacterial domain will continue to increase as more environments are explored using ___ techniques.

molecular

Hug et al (2016) named how many bacterial phyla

* Utilize photochemical reaction centers.

phototrophs

phototrophs are usually colored

green

what do phototrophic bacteria have instead of chloroplast

thylakoid

phototrophic bacteria

firmicutes

facultative phototrophs

proteobacteria

– filamentous, gliding, perfom anoxygenic photosynthesis

chloroflexi

oxygen-evolving photosynthetic bacterium

cyanobacteria

obligate anaerobic photoautotroph

chlorobi

chlorobi is also known as

green sulfur bacteria

process that use chemical energy to create food

chemosynthesis

Discovered in 2007 * Form “filamentous stalk-like structures of iron oxyhydroxides” during their growth.

zebraproteobacteria

Microaerophilic that grow exclusively in reduced iron with carbon dioxide as sole carbon source, (pH 5.5 – 7.2)

zebraproteobacteria

pH range of zebraproteobacteria

pH 5.5 - 7.2

* Grow at highest temperatures (60-90C)

aquaficales

aquaficales grow at what pH

neutral/slightly acidic

Obligate chemolithotrophic bacterium

aquaficales

nitrogen is in what state in nature

gaseous

s the process of converting inorganic nitrogen compounds into organic nitrogen compounds

nitrogen assimilation

is the process of breaking down organic nitrogen into ammonia or ammonium

ammonification

Can be free-living or form symbiotic relationship with the roots of plants.

nitrogen fixers

forms symbiotic relationship with lichens (fixes nitrogen).

nostoc spp

: These bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen (N₂) into ammonia (NH₃), a form that plants can use.

nitrogen fixing bacteria

: These bacteria convert ammonia into nitrites (NO₂⁻) and then nitrates (NO₃⁻), which are also usable by plants.

nitrifying bacteria

These bacteria convert nitrates back into atmospheric nitrogen (N₂), completing the cycle

denitrifying bacteria

These bacteria decompose organic matter, releasing ammonia back into the soil.

ammonifying bacteria

examples of nitrogen fixing bacteria

azotobacter rhizobium

nitrogen fixing bacteria that is symbiotic with legumes

rhizobium

azotobacter lives where

free living in soil

bacteria converting ammonia to nitrites

nitrosomonas

bacteria converting nitrites to nitrates

nitrobacter

examples of denitrifying bacteria

Pseudomonas Clostridium

example of ammonifying bacteria

Bacillus Proteus

Nostoc, Anabaena, Trichodesmium, Synechococcus, and Cyanothece belong in what phyla

Cyanobacteria

frankia is under what phyla

actinobacteria

sinorhizobrium and mesorhizobium is under what genus

a-proteobacteria

asoarcus and burkholderia is under what genus

betaproteobacteria

azotobacter and pseudomonas is under what proteobacteria

gamma broteobacteria

gloeobacter and desulfovibrio is under what proteobacteria

deltaproteobacteria

clostridium is under what phyla

firmicutes

cholorbium is under what phyla

bacteroidetes/chlorobiales

treponema is under what phyla

spirochaetales

dehalococcoides is under what phyla

chloroflexi

phylum of domain archaea established by Woese et al. 1990

crenararcheaota euryarchaeota

re typically associated with extreme heat and sulfur-rich environments

crenararcheota

re more diverse and can be found in a wider range of habitats, including those with high salt concentrations and those involved in methane productio

euryarchaeota

phylum of mesophilic archaea

Thaumarchaeota

There is a lack of cultivated what archaeal species that has greatly hampered our knowledge of the roles that these organisms play in the ecosystem.

crenararcheaotal

how many archaeal phyla based on Hug et al (2016)

is the entire process by which the defining traits of eukaryotic cells arose in the lineages that eventually gave rise to all present-day eukaryotes

eukaryogenesis

LUCA means

last unknown common ancestor

LECA means

last eukaryote common ancestor

irst unknown common ancestor is under what domain

bacteria

is a hypothesis in evolutionary biology that suggests eukaryotes (organisms with complex cells, including humans) originated from a group of prokaryotes called eocytes (now classified under the domain Archaea)

the eocyte tree

Numerous within the Archaea, especially within the Crenarchaeota. based on cardinal temperature

hyperthermophiles

First described in the early 1980s, 34 genera across 10 orders within the bacteria and Archaea have been identified. what cardinal temperature

hyperthermophile

hyperthermophiles are facultative ___

heterotrophs

Found in solfataric fields (have abundance of pyrite or Fe(OH)3 , CO2 , H2S, H2 , and CH4 – essential for their metabolic activities) associated with volcanoes

hyperthermophiles

are areas where hot, sulfur-rich gases escape from the earth, forming mud pots, soils, and sulfur-rich springs.

solftaric fields

solftaric fields have abundance of

pyrite

Can be found also in Hydrothermal vents ecosystem

hyperthermohpiles

Hyperthermophiles that have H2 as an electron donor and electron acceptor of CO2 produces what

methane

Hyperthermophiles that have H2 as an electron donor and electron acceptor of FE(OH)3 produces what

magnetite

Hyperthermophiles that have H2 as an electron donor and electron acceptor of S0, SO42- produces what

hydrogen sulfide

Hyperthermophiles that have H2 as an electron donor and electron acceptor of NO3- produces what

nitrogen (ammonia)

Hyperthermophiles that have H2 as an electron donor and electron acceptor of O2 produces what

water

Hyperthermophiles that have S0 (pyrite) as an electron donor and electron acceptor of O2 produces what

H2SO4 (+FeSO4)

* The group reside within the Euryarchaeota * Living at moderate pH, temperature and salinity in contrast with other archaeans.

methanogens

Significant for their production of large amount of methane,, which they produce under anaerobic conditions.

methanogens

methanogens have what oxygen requirement

strict anaerobes

why are methanogens strict anaerobes

enzymes for methanogenesis is sensitive in the present of oxygen

methanogens are found where

anoxic sediments anerobic digestors animal guts

Production of ___ provides substantial energy for the organisms.

methane

Salt lovers

halophiles

halophiles belong to what archaeotal phyla

euryarchaeota

halophiles is under what order

halobacteriales

sal concentration of 150-200 g/L

hypersaline

Halophilic organisms in hypersaline (salt conc. >150- 200 g/L) environments

halophiles

three types of protist

animal like plant like fungal like

asexual reproduction of protist produces ___ under ___ conditions

clone favorable

sexual reproduction of protist produces ___ under ___ conditions

unique individual unfavorable conditions

* Usually aquatic, present in the soil or areas with moisture.

protistan group

protists are ___ organisms

unicellular

multicellular protist

algae

protists are prokaryotic/eukaryotic

eukaryotic

locomotion of protists is due to what structures

flagella, cilia, pseudopods

animal like protist

protoza

plant like protist

algae

fungal like protist

slime mold

protists that are Often photosynthetic, unicellular and are motile (flagella is present)

alveolates

protists that are Highly beneficial in their role as the zooxanthellae symbionts in corals, and very harmful members of algal blooms (red tide).

alveolates

* are a type of plankton—tiny marine organisms that can sometimes cause the surface of the ocean to sparkle at night.

bioluminescent dinoflagellate

* Some bioluminescent organisms do not synthesize ___(Instead, they absorb it through other organisms, either as food or in a symbiotic relationship)

luciferin

is a chemical compound that produces light in organisms that are bioluminescent.

luciferin

Most are algae, ranging from the giant multicellular kelp to the unicellular diatoms, which are a primary component of plankton

stramenophiles

which are a primary component of plankton.

unicellular diatoms

key primary producers ammounting to <40% of ocean primary productivity

stramenophiles

* Social amoeba, found in soils

amoebozoa (slime mold)

slime molds can be what arrangement

unicellular or aggregate of amoeba or pseudoplasmodium (slug or mound)

Produce fruiting bodies similar to fungi

slime mold

slime molds feed on ___

bacteria

An eocyte is a prokaryote believed to be the ancestor of both archean and eukaryotes. t/f

true

Protozoans can move using flagella, pseudopodia, or cilia t/f

true

Yeasts are protists t/f

false

Nitrogen fixers are bacteria that can convert nitrogen gas that can convert useful nitrogen derivatives like nitrites and nitrates t/f

true

Eurkaryogenesis is a process to which eukaryotes are derived from archaean ancestor t/f

true

Slime molds are decomposers t/f

true

characteristic of fungal groups that release enzymes that digest organic materials in the environment and absorb it.

heterotrophic

fungal groups can grow as __ or ___

filaments single celled (yeast)

fungal groups have cell walls made up of

chitin and glucan cell walls

asexual reproiduction of fungi involves this

spores

many hypha

mycelium

* Are a predominantly aquatic group found in soils from ditches and the banks of ponds and streams even found in desert soils and the rumens of large herbivorous mammals. what division of fungi

chytridiomycota

the chytrids

chytridiomycota

chytrids are distinguished from other fungi primarily by their

motile cells

motile cells of chytrids inclue

zoospores and cgametes

motile cells of chytrids have what structures

single, posterior, whiplash flagellum

The asexual spore of chytrids is called a

zoospore

R. stolonifera or bread mold is a best example of this group.

zygomycota (zygomycetes)

sexual spore of zygomycetes

zygospore

asexual spore of zygomycota

sporangiospore

zygomycota's characteristic-the formation of sexually produced resting spores called

zygospores

d zygospores, which develop within thick-walled structures called ___ in species that reproduce sexually

zygosporangia

Sexual reproduction requires the presence of two physiologically distinct ___, designated + and – strains in zygomycota

mycelia

* Mushrooms are best example of these group.

basidiomycota

club fungi is also known as

basidiomycota

is produced at the tip of hyphae and normally is club-shaped

basidium

Two or more ___are produced by the basidium

basidiospores

basidia may be held within fruiting bodies called

basidiocarps

Unlike most fungi, ___ reproduce sexually as opposed to asexually

basidiomycota

asexual spores of basidiomycota

conidia

Are named for their characteristic reproductive structure, the saclike ascus.

ascomycota

sac fungi

ascomycota

___ reproduction is common in ascomycetes and takes place by way of ___

asexual conidiospores

sexual spores of ascomycetes

ascospores

structure of ascomycota that has ascospores

ascus

examples of sac fungi

aspergillus penicillum saccharomyces

* Any fungi whose sexual stage has not been observed.

deuteromycota

imperfect fungi

deuteromycota

deuteromycota reprodce through asexual spores called

conidia

* Contain chlorophyll, some are unicellular while some are colonial and mulicellular

algal groups

algae with similar cells with similar generalized functions

colonial

algae with a - body composed of a variety of cells with specific functions

multicelluar

Chlorophyll and carotene pigments are in approximately the same proportions as in most "higher plants.

division chlorophyta

division chlorophyta has what pigments (4)

chlorophyll a and b xanthophylls carotene

Multicellular and almost exclusively marine

division phaeophyta

division phaeophyta posses what pigment

chlorophyll a and c fucoxanthin

kelp forest in temperate regions contain this

kelp forest

is a carotenoid pigment found in brown algae and microalgae

fucoxanthin

hese are the flat, leaf-like structures of the algae that are used for photosynthesis. They increase the surface area exposed to sunlight, enabling the algae to efficiently capture light energy.

blades

lso known as pneumatocysts, these are gas-filled bladders that help the algae stay buoyant and keep the blades near the surface of the water, where light is more abundant for photosynthesis.

float

float is also known as

pneumatocysts

his is the stem-like structure that connects the blades to the holdfast. It provides support and flexibility to the algae, allowing it to withstand the movement of water.

stipe

This is the root-like structure that anchors the algae to a substrate, such as rocks or other surfaces underwater. Unlike true roots, holdfasts do not absorb nutrients; they simply provide stability.

holfast

* Posses chlorophyll a (no chlorophyll b) and accessory pigments phycoerythrin (red) and phycocyanin (blue)

rhodophyta (red algae)

red algae pigments include

chloropyll phycoerythryin phycocyanin

red accessory pigment of rhodophyta

phycoerythrin

blue accessory pigment of rhodophyta

phycocyanin

red algae

rhodophyta