Lab Exam 1: Lab reports

Question 1

Produce a flow diagram of resting Heart rate regulation.

Answer 1

↑HR -> Baroreceptors (+) -> CAC(-)/CIC(+) -> SA/AV Node (-) -> ↓HR

↓(HR) -> Baroreceptors (-) -> CAC(+)/CIC(-) -> SA/AV Node (+) -> ↑HR

Question 2

Which part of the autonomic nervous system helps maintain homeostasis. Predict the changes in resting heart rate if the parasympathetic nerves were damaged.

Answer 2

• Both sympathetic and parasympathetic parts

- If damaged Heart Rate will always be high

Question 3

Every time you visit the doctor, someone will take your temperature, pulse rate, and blood pressure. Why? (for example if your resting pulse rate were too high, what would be done?)

Answer 3

• to determine if your vital signs are within normal range

- if resting pulse is too high, it will be used as a diagnostic tool

Question 4

How is homeostasis important for cell survival? For example, what can happen to cells if body temperature increases above normal?

Answer 4

• important because proteins requires homeostasis to work optimally in order for cells to function optimally.
• see next question

Question 5

If body temperature increases above normal to 100.5 F, what can happen to cells?

Answer 5

• proteins are not function optimally, therefore cells are not functioning optimally

Question 6

If body temperature increases above normal to 105.0 F, what can happen to cells?

Answer 6

• if temperature rises to 105 F, proteins denatures, which causes cells to die.

Question 7

what causes diffusion

Answer 7

Random molecular collision

Question 8

what causes osmosis

Answer 8

osmotic pressure

Question 9

what causes filtration

Answer 9

hydrostatic pressure

Question 10

if glucose and protein are in the tissue fluid, which would reach a cell faster? why? How would it get to the cell?

Answer 10

• glucose
• smaller molecule than the protein
• get to cell through diffusion

Question 11

anything that increases the rate of diffusion must increase the number of collisions between particles. How can the kinetic energy of particles be increased?

Answer 11

• can be increased through heat or increase in temperature.

Question 12

how can the number of collisions be increased without increasing the kinetic energy of the particles

Answer 12

by increasing the concentration of the particles, decreasing the total area, or increasing the pressure

Question 13

if we used dialysis tubing with larger holes, would the rate of diffusion increase? Explain.

Answer 13

• Yes

- because more particles will be able to move through the larger hole

Question 14

How can tissue fluid (normally isotonic) become hypertonic? (there are 2 different ways that this can happen. describe them both.

Answer 14

• through dehydration and diabetes

Question 15

Explain in dehydration

Answer 15

• in dehydration, if there is a decrease in water concentration, there is a higher than normal volume concentration

Question 16

Explain in diabetes

Answer 16

• in diabetes, a decrease in insulin concentration or a decrease in insulin function would cause a decrease in cellular uptake of glucose, so there is a higher than normal glucose solute concentration in tissue.

Question 17

how would an increase in blood pressure affect the delivery of nutrients to body cells?

Answer 17

• will increase the rate of filtration, therefore increasing the delivery of nutrients to body cells. However, blood pressure that is too high will most likely damage the capillaries and the heart as well.

Question 18

in certain diseases, the basement membranes of some capillaries are thickened. which process would be most affected by this disease? what consequences does this have for the body cells these capillaries?

Answer 18

• which affects the process of filtration significantly. the decrease in the rate of filtration causes a decrease in the delivery of nutrients to the body cells near these capillaries.

Question 19

who is lost in the desert for 1 day with no water:
Robert: [pp]: 9.5 g/dl  [pg]: 155 mg/dl
Fran: [pp]: 2.0 g/dl [pg]: 92 mg/dl
Robbie: [pp] 1.1g/dl [pg]: 300 mg/dl
Terry: [pp]: 6.8 g/dl  [pg]: 61 mg/dl

Answer 19

1. The person lost in the desert for 1 day with no water is Robert. He has high plasma protein concentration and plasma glucose concentration. He is dehydrated. In dehydration, if there is a decrease in water concentration, there is a higher than normal solute concentration, causing a high blood glucose concentration.

Question 20

Who is the person with liver disease:
Robert: [pp]: 9.5 g/dl  [pg]: 155 mg/dl
Fran: [pp]: 2.0 g/dl [pg]: 92 mg/dl
Robbie: [pp] 1.1g/dl [pg]: 300 mg/dl
Terry: [pp]: 6.8 g/dl  [pg]: 61 mg/dl

Answer 20

2. The person with liver disease is Fran. She has a low plasma protein concentration, which means there is a decrease in plasma protein synthesis by the damaged liver.

Question 21

Who is the person who is diabetic and has kidney disease?
Robert: [pp]: 9.5 g/dl  [pg]: 155 mg/dl
Fran: [pp]: 2.0 g/dl [pg]: 92 mg/dl
Robbie: [pp] 1.1g/dl [pg]: 300 mg/dl
Terry: [pp]: 6.8 g/dl  [pg]: 61 mg/dl

Answer 21

3. Robbie is the person who is diabetic and has kidney disease. He has a high blood glucose concentration. In diabetes, a decrease in insulin function or a decrease in insulin concentration would cause a decrease in cellular uptake of glucose, so there is a higher glucose solute concentration in blood. Due to Robbie’s kidney disease, protein is urinated out of the body causing a decrease in plasma protein level.

Question 22

Who is the person with hypoglycemia (increased insulin secretion):
Robert: [pp]: 9.5 g/dl  [pg]: 155 mg/dl
Fran: [pp]: 2.0 g/dl [pg]: 92 mg/dl
Robbie: [pp] 1.1g/dl [pg]: 300 mg/dl
Terry: [pp]: 6.8 g/dl  [pg]: 61 mg/dl

Answer 22

4. Terry is the person with hypoglycemia. There is an increase in insulin function which causes an increase in cellular uptake of glucose. An oversecretion of insulin causes a low blood glucose concentration.

Question 23

Why must a standard cure go through the zero point of the graph?

Answer 23

because Beer’s law states that the concentration of a solute in solution is directly proportional to the amount of light absorbed by that solution.

Question 24

Does a large carbohydrate intake cause a large increase in plasma glucose concentration?

Answer 24

It would not cause a large increase in plasma glucose concentration because in a normal person, the negative feedback hormonal control of blood glucose would maintain blood glucose in normal range.

Question 25

What are the osmotic consequences of a low plasma protein concentration?

Answer 25

It causes a decrease in colloid osmotic pressure, which decreases absorption, which increases tissue fluid. An increase in tissue fluid is edema.

Question 26

Edema, or swelling, is an increase in the volume of tissue fluid. Describe two osmotic situations (not diseases) that would result in edema.

Answer 26

4. High blood pressure and low plasma protein concentration would result in edema, or swelling, which is an increase in the volume of tissue fluid. High blood pressure causes an increase in hydrostatic pressure, which causes excessive filtration, which increases tissue fluid leading to edema. Low plasma protein causes a decrease in colloid osmotic pressure, which decreases absorption, which increases tissue fluid causing edema.