Final Exam: Lab Reports

Question 1

How does air gets into lungs?

Answer 1

1. Air gets into lungs because of the volume changes that cause pressure changes and the air moving down its pressure gradient.

Question 2

Based on the information in the Predicted Vital Capacity Tables, what are the 3 most significant factors that determine vital capacity?

Answer 2

are age, sex, and height in centimeters.

Question 3

Why are resistance and compliance important in breathing?

Answer 3

If resistance goes up, airflow decreases, and if stretchability goes up, airflow increases.

Question 4

Which values cause total minute volume to increase during exercise?

Answer 4

4. Both ventilation rate and tidal volume values cause total minute volume to increase during exercise.

Question 5

Does all of the total miniue volume reach the alveoli

Answer 5

5. Total minute volume is the total volume of air that is move into and out of the lungs in one minute. Some of the air that is breathe through the trachea to the alveoli gets trapped in the bronchiole tree, therefore “All” of the total minute volume does not reach the alveoli.

Question 6

How is hyperventilation different from hyperpnea? Which occurs when you exercise?

Answer 6

6. Hyperventilation is excessive ventilation that causes low CO2 or hypocapnia but there is adequate oxygen, while hyperpnea is an exaggerated deep, rapid, or labored breathing due to inadequate supply of oxygen that can occur during exercise. However, since exercising causes anaerobic respiration which leads to build up lactic acid in muscles during exercise, which leads to excess CO2, the excess CO2 is breathe out during hyperpnea which cancels each other out. There is no change in CO2 or or pH level during hyperpnea.

Question 7

Venous blood contains no oxygen. True or False. Explain your answer.

Answer 7

7. It is false that venous blood contains no oxygen. The hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen is so high that it will not let all the oxygen go in one pass, it is still holding on to some oxygen, so there is still oxygen in venous blood.

Question 8

Why is it important to monitor percent oxyhemoglobin saturation in a patient under general anesthesia (with paralyzed muscles)?

Answer 8

If muscles are not being used, temperature decreases which causes pH to increase leading to a decrease in oxygen delivery to the cells because hemoglobin’s affinity to oxygen increases, which means it is holding on to more oxygen.

Question 9

Dieting, female teenager, complaints of fatigue

Answer 9

1. Patient #3 is a female teenager dieting who complains of fatigue. She has normal WBC and RBC. Hematocrit is low because both her Hemoglobin and platelets are low, which could be because the patient is menstruating or because she is dieting and not getting enough of the nutrients she needs, such as vitamin B-12, which is needed for RBC production and platelet production. Vitamin B-12 deficiency causes low Platelet and Hemoglobin, and that causes low hematocrit. She is fatigued because the hemoglobin is low which causes a decrease in oxygen delivery, which means she is not making enough ATP for energy.

Question 10

patient has had fever and sore throat for 4 days

Answer 10

2. Patient #1 has had a fever and sore throat for 4 days. Patient’s platelet is normal. The WBC is elevated due to the fever and sore throat. The sore throat leads to epithelial damage cells which causes increase RBCs and hemoglobin because they carry oxygen to the affected area to repair the damaged epithelial cells. Hematocrit is high because the WBC, RBC and Hemoglobin are high.

Question 11

patient has polycythemia

Answer 11

3. Patient #4 has polycythemia. WBC and Platelets are normal. Polycythemia is higher than normal RBC count. The Hemoglobin is high because the RBC count is high. The Hematocrit is high because both the hemoglobin and RBC count are high.

Question 12

patient complains of fatigue and looks pale

Answer 12

4. Patient #2 complains of fatigue and looks pale. WBC and Platelets are normal. The patient is fatigued because the RBC is low due to the low Hemoglobin, which means there is a decrease in oxygen delivery and that leads to a decrease in ATP which causes low energy (fatigue). The Hematocrit is low because both RBC and Hemoglobin are low. Patient look pale because the hemoglobin is low. Hemoglobin gives the skin its pink hue.

Question 13

How are functional heart murmurs detected? Can these abnormalities be seen on an ECG? Explain why or why not.

Answer 13

1. Functional heart murmurs are detected by stethoscope. They cannot be seen on ECG because heart murmurs are sounds not an electrical activity of the heart which ECG records.

Question 14

A patient has the following blood pressure measurements: 168/108

What is the:
Systolic blood pressure
diastolic pressure
pulse pressure
mean arterial pressure?

what condition does this physiology teacher have?

Answer 14

2. A patient has the following blood pressure measurements: 168/108. The systolic pressure is 168. The diastolic pressure is 108. The pulse pressure is 60. The mean arterial pressure is 128. This physiology teacher has hypertension.

Question 15

Why is untreated hypertension dangerous?

Answer 15

3. Untreated hypertension is dangerous. Hypertension is referred to as the “silent killer” because it presents without symptoms but can lead to death due to burst blood vessels, heart attack, stroke, or sudden cardiac death.

Question 16

How does mild exercise affect blood pressure and pulse? Explain how these changes occur.

Answer 16

4. Mild exercise increases blood pressure and pulse. The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system turns on which increases heart rate, which increases TPR, which increases Stroke volume.

Question 17

how did placing one hand in ice affect blood pressure? Explain how this change occured.

Answer 17

5. Placing one hand in ice increases blood pressure because vasoconstriction occurs which increases blood pressure.

Question 18

How did the pulse rate change when going from sitting to standing? Explain how this change occured.

Answer 18

6. Pulse rate increases when going from sitting to standing. In one cardiac cycle, from one heart beat to the next, the action of sitting to standing causes about 400ml of blood in the veins to slush back down, which causes the venous return to go down, which causes the end diastolic volume to go down, which causes stroke volume to go down, which causes blood pressure to decrease. In response to the sudden drop of blood pressure, it causes the sympathetic division of ANS to instantaneously turn on, which increases heart rate simultaneously with TPR and SV.

Question 19

What are the distinguishing features of ventricular tachycardia?

Answer 19

7. The distinguishing features of ventricular tachycardia is heart rate greater than 100 beats per minute.

Question 20

Does this EKG show normal sinus rhythm?

Answer 20

8. The EKG shows normal sinus rhythm. It shows a regular rhythm. The SA node is a pacemaker and it has 70 depolarization per minute.

Question 21

Person with kidney infection

Answer 21

1. The person with a kidney infection is patient # 4. The patient has high protein and specific gravity in their urine. Their protein is high because their glomeruli is damaged, which causes protein to be filtrated in the urine. The specific gravity is high because there is protein in the urine, so the solute concentration is higher.

Question 22

Person with indigestion, who used too much baking soda. Explanation.

Answer 22

2. The person with indigestion, who used too much baking soda is patient #1. This patient has a high pH level in their urine because baking soda is a base and the kidneys get rid of baking soda through urine.

Question 23

Person with untreated type 1

Diabetes mellitus.

Answer 23

3. Person with untreated type 1 diabetes mellitus is patient # 3, who has high glucose, very high ketones, and high specific gravity in their urine. The blood glucose is high, which saturated the transporter (transport maximum), which spilled over to the pee due to little or no insulin secretion which means there was no cellular uptake of glucose. Ketone is high because of the breakdown of fatty acids to ketone bodies for energy, because the patient is not getting enough energy from glucose, and the excess ketones is urinated out. Specific gravity is high because of the glucose and ketone in the urine which makes the solute concentration higher.

Question 24

Person with diabetes insipidis. Explanation.

Answer 24

4. The person with diabetes insipidis is patient # 2, who has low specific gravity due to insufficient ADH or lack of ADH function, which causes decrease water retention.

Question 25

Person lost in the desert with no food or water. Explanation.

Answer 25

5. The person lost in the desert with no food or water is patient #5, who presents with high ketones and high specific gravity. The ketone is high because their cells is breaking down fatty acids to ketone bodies for energy. Along with high ketone in urine, the patient is also conserving water and urinating less which causes the specific gravity to be high.

Question 26

Is it possible to have a higher than normal plasma glucose concentration and not have glycosuria (glucose in urine)?

Answer 26

1. It is possible to have a higher than normal plasma glucose concentration and not have glycosuria (glucose in urine). For someone that is prediabetic, with a higher than normal blood glucose of up to 175 mg/dl, they do not have glucose in their urine yet because transport maximum of the glut transporter have not yet occurred.

Question 27

Proteinuria (protein in urine) is often associated with edema. How can proteinuria cause edema?

Answer 27

2. Proteinuria (protein in urine) is often associated with edema. Proteinuria causes edema because a decreases in colloid osmotic pressure, decreases absorption, which leads to increase tissue fluid, which causes edema.

Question 28

Which of the urine chemical tests would be the best indicator of kidney damage? Explain.

Answer 28

3. The urine chemical test that would be the best indicator of kidney damage is protein because protein is a large molecule that is cannot be filtered out through urine. Proteinuria would indicate that the glomeruli is damaged allowing plasma proteins to pass through to urine.

Question 29

Rank protein, bicarbonate, NaCl, and glucose as best to worst buffers.

Answer 29

4. The best to worst buffers is as follows: Bicarbonate, Protein, NaCl, and Glucose.