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Physiology Lab > Final Exam: Lab 8 Respiratory Physiology > Flashcards

Final Exam: Lab 8 Respiratory Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is another term for pulmonary ventilation?

A

breathing

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2
Q

Define pulmonary ventilation in simple terms.

A

The exchange of air between the atmosphere and the lungs

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3
Q

What causes pressure within a gas sample?

A

Pressure is caused by gas molecules striking the walls of a container

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4
Q

Define Boyle’s Law

A

The pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to the volume of its container.

Increase Vol = Decrease pressure
Decrease Vol = Increase pressure

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5
Q

How is the volume of the thoracic cavity changed?

A

. By muscle contraction and relaxation.

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6
Q

What happens to pressure when we increase the volume within the thoracic cavity and the
lungs?

A

Pressure decreases

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7
Q

What is the pressure within the lungs called?

A
  1. Intrapulmonary, or intra-alveolar, pressure
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8
Q

What is the value of intrapleural pressure compared to intrapulmonary (alveolar) pressure?

A
  1. Intrapleural pressure is always less than intrapulmonary (alveolar) pressure.
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9
Q

What three factors cause the intrapleural pressure to be less than intrapulmonary (alveolar)
pressure?

A
  1. (1) The surface tension of the alveolar fluid.
    (2) The elasticity of the lungs.
    (3) The elasticity of the
    thoracic wall.
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10
Q

Why does a lung collapse if you cut into the pleural cavity?

A
  1. Because the pressure of the intrapleural cavity becomes equal to atmospheric pressure. There is no
    longer less pressure in the intrapleural cavity compared to within the alveoli so the lung collapses.
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11
Q

a. What is the transpulmonary pressure? b. What is the function of the transpulmonary
pressure?

A
  1. a. The difference between the intrapleural and intrapulmonary pressures.
    b. It creates the suction to
    keep the lungs inflated.
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12
Q

If a pneumothorax occurs in one lung, why doesn’t it also occur in the other lung?

A
  1. Each lung has its own pleural cavity and pleural membranes so that changes in the intrapleural
    pressure of one lung do not affect the other lung.
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13
Q

) Match the pressures to their definition:
• Intrapulmonary Pressure
• Transpulmonary Pressure
• Intrapleural Pressure
a. The pressure within the pleural cavity.
b. The pressure within the alveoli.
c. The difference between the pressure within the
pleural cavity and the pressure within the
alveoli

A
  1. a. Intrapleural Pressure b. Intrapulmonary Pressure c. Transpulmonary Pressure
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14
Q

Chose the proper words to explain what happens during inspiration.
The diaphragm and external intercostal muscles __________ (contract, relax).
↓
The volume of the thoracic cavity _________ (increases, decreases).
↓
Intrapleural pressure becomes ________ (more, less) negative.
↓
Lungs ________ (recoil, expand).
↓
Intrapulmonary pressure __________ (increases, decreases).
↓
Air flows _________ (into, out of) the lungs.

A
  1. contract, increases, more, expand, decreases, into
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15
Q

Chose the proper words to explain what happens during inspiration.
The diaphragm and external intercostal muscles __________ (contract, relax).
↓
The volume of the thoracic cavity _________ (increases, decreases).
↓
Intrapleural pressure becomes ________ (more, less) negative.
↓
Lungs ________ (recoil, expand).
↓
Intrapulmonary pressure __________ (increases, decreases).
↓
Air flows _________ (into, out of) the lungs.
Air flows _________ (into, out of) the lungs.

A
  1. relax, decreases, less, recoil, increases, out of
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16
Q

What two factors play roles in ventilation besides muscle contraction?

A
  1. (1) The resistance within the airways

(2) Lung compliance.

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17
Q

What is airway resistance due to?

A
  1. The gas molecules encountering resistance as they strike the walls of the airway.

***Diameter of airway

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18
Q

What happens to the airway resistance as the bronchiole constricts?

A
  1. As the diameter of the walls of the bronchiole decrease, the resistance increases
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19
Q

Does histamine constrict or dilate bronchioles?

A

constricts

- increase airway resistance –> decrease airflow

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20
Q

Does epinephrine constrict or dilate bronchioles?

A

dilates

- decrease resistance –> increase airflow

21
Q

What two factors is lung compliance dependent upon?

A
  1. (1) The stretchability of the elastic fibers within the lungs. (2) The surface tension within the alveoli.
    .
22
Q

What happens to alveoli when there is not enough surfactant?

A
  1. Alveoli have high surface tension, and they tend to collapse
    - Surfactant = decrease ST and increase lung complaince
23
Q

Intrapulmonary pressure changes

A

pressure with in lungs

24
Q

What causes intrapulmonary pressure changes

A

atmospheric pressure, inspiration, expiration

25
Q

what are the results of the intrapulmonary pressure changes

A
  1. atmospheric pressure = 760mmHg
  2. inspiration = 1 mmHg below atmospheric pressure
  3. expiration = 1 mmHg above atmospheric pressure
26
Q

*****Events during inspiration

A

Increase volume o thoracic cavity –> intrapulmonary pressure below atmospheric pressure = negative pressure Airflow into the lungs
End of inspiration -> when intrapulmonary pressure equals atmospheric pressure = airflow stops

27
Q

** events during expiration

A
  • decrease volume of thoracic cavity -> intrapulmonatry above atmospheric pressure
    airflow out of the lungs -> end of expiration -> intrapulmonary equals atmospheric pressure
28
Q

Other factors affecting ventilation

- resistance

A

the diameter of airway
(epi and hisptamine stuff)

airflow = (pressure/resistance)

29
Q

how is resistance affected by changes in airway diameter

A

increase airflow -> decrease diameter -> increase resistance because more gas molecules encounters airway wall

30
Q

how does increased resistance affect air flow

A
  • (histamine constricts)

- increase airway resistance = decrease airflow

31
Q

factors affecting airway resistance

A

histamine and epinephrine

32
Q

lung compliancc

A
  • ease with which the lungs expand
33
Q

amount of elastic tissue

A

strethability of elastic fibers with in the lungs

34
Q

surface tension

A
  • intermolecular forces within fluid molecules that attract molecule to each other
35
Q

Tidal volume

A

volume of air inhaled or exhaled in a single unforced breathe

36
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A
  • difference between volume at end of normal inhalation and vital capacity
37
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A

difference between volume at end of normal exhalation and vital capacity

38
Q

vital capacity

A

maximum volume of air that can be moved into the lungs

39
Q

residual volume

A

volume remaining in lungs after a maximum of expiration

40
Q

total lung capacity

A

total amount of gas in lungs after a maximum inspiration

41
Q

the spirogram shows relationship among various values..

total lung capacity =
vital capacity =

A

total lung capacity= vital capacity + Residual volume

vital capacity = Expiratory reserve volume + TV + IRV

42
Q

spirometry in lab

A

spirometers in lab are instruments that can only measure exhaled volumes. only able to measure VC, TV, and ERV

IRV = VC - (TV + ERV)

43
Q

Total minute volume

A

total volume of air moved in and out of the lungs in one minute. this value is the product of the ventilation rate (number of breaths per minute) and the tidal volume (ml of air per breathe)

44
Q

When oxygen diffuses across the alveolar walls, most of the oxygen becomes bound to

A

hemoglobin

45
Q

the percent exyhemoglobin saturation is

A

the percentage of hemoglobin molecules that have 4 oxygen molecules attached.
- this value indicates the effectiveness of gas exhange

46
Q

gas exhange occurs by

A

diffusion, any abnormal conditionthat changes the rate of diffusion will change the percent oxyhemoglobin saturation

47
Q

pulse oximeter

A
  • an instrument that can measure percent oxyhemoglobin saturation continuously
48
Q

would oxyhemoglobin saturation value change during exercise?

A

increase exercise -> (increase temp/decrease pH) -> increase 02 delivery to muscles because hb affinity for O2 decreases, therefore increases unloading of O2

Physiology Lab (16 decks)

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