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Physiology Lab > Final Exam: Lab Review > Flashcards

Final Exam: Lab Review Flashcards

1
Q
  1. What are the factors of Normal Sinus Rhythm?
A

a. Regular rhythm- where measurements between the “R” do NOT exceed 3 mm successfully
b. The SA node is the pacemaker, meaning you have complete PQRST complexes
c. Depolarization per minute (DPM) is within the range of 60-100
(you would measure 150mm, count the number of complete QRS complexes, and multiply by 10 to give you the DPM)

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2
Q
  1. Does venous blood contain oxygen?
A

a. Venous blood does contain oxygen, it contains less oxygen than arteriole blood, but it does have oxygen. Hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen is high enough that it won’t let all of the oxygen go in one pass

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3
Q
  1. What is Boyle’s Law?
A

Relationship between pressure and volume, pressure of gas is inversely proportional to the volume of its container. Decrease in volume = increase of pressure
Increase in volume = decrease of pressure

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4
Q
  1. How does air enter the lungs?
A

a. Diaphragm & external intercostals muscles contract
b. Volume of thoracic cavity increases
c. Intrapleural pressure decreases (becomes negative)
d. Lungs expand
e. Intrapulmonary pressure decreases below atmospheric pressure
f. Air flows into the lungs

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5
Q

How does air leave the lungs?

A

g. Diaphragm & external intercostals muscles relax
h. Volume of thoracic cavity decreases
i. Intrapleural pressure increases (becomes less negative)
j. Lungs recoil
k. Intrapulmonary pressure increases above atmospheric pressure
l. Air flows out of the lungs

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6
Q

a. Tidal Volume-

A

volume of air entering/leaving lungs during a single breath

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7
Q

b. Inspiratory Reserve Volume

A

extra volume of air that can be maximally inspired over and above resting tidal volume

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8
Q

c. Expiratory Reserve Volume-

A

extra volume of air that can be maximally expired over and above resting tidal volume

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9
Q

d. Vital Capacity

A

max volume of air that can move out during single breath following maximal inspiration

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10
Q

e. Residual Volume-

A
  • minimal volume of air remaining in lungs even after maximal expiration
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11
Q

f. Total Lung Capacity-

A

the maximum volume of air that lungs can hold

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12
Q
  1. What is the calculation for

Total Lung Capacity =

A

Vital capacity + Residual volume

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13
Q
  1. What is the calculation for

Vital Capacity =

A

ERV + IRV + Tidal volume

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14
Q
  1. What is the calculation for

IRV =

A

VC – (TV + ERV)

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15
Q
  1. How do you calculate:

Pulse Pressure

A

Systolic pressure – diastolic pressure

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16
Q

MAP (mean arterial pressure)

A

= diastolic + (Pulse pressure)/3

17
Q
  1. What happens to blood pressure when:

- You place your hand in cold ice?

A

Placing one hand in ice increases blood pressure due to vasoconstriction, which increases total peripheral resistance (TPR)

18
Q
  1. What happens to blood pressure when:

- - You go from sitting down to standing up?

A

Pulse rate decreases when we go from sitting to standing. This occurs due to the decrease in venous return, a decreae in end diastolic volume, and decrease in stroke volume, which decreases blood pressure. However, because of homeostasis, the baroreceptors sense decrease in blood pressure and quickly turn off the parasympathetic division and the sympathetic division in turned on to increase stroke volume, total peripheral resistance, and heart rate.

19
Q
  1. What happens to blood pressure when:

- - You exercise?

A

Mild exercise affects both blood pressure and pulse; the sympathetic division turns on, which increases heart rate, stroke volume, and total peripheral resistance, which in turn increase blood pressure.

20
Q
  1. What is specific gravity?
A

The ratio of weight of a solution to distilled water. It is a measure of the total solute concentration of that solution.

21
Q
  1. How do you determine blood pressure using a sphygmomanometer and a stethoscope?
A

Stethoscope over brachial artery, squeeze sphygmomanometer bulb to inflate cuff, allow air to escape slowly, first sound is systolic, last sound is diastolic

22
Q
  1. What is the best indicator for kidney damage?
A

Protein test; if protein is found in urine, then there is indication of damage to the glomeruli, which lets proteins leak out of the nephron when damaged.

23
Q
  1. What is hypernea and hyperventilation?
A

Hypernea- during exercise, you breath faster, blowing off CO2. Making more ATP causes an increase in CO2, pH does NOT change

Hyperventilation- breathing fast, blowing off higher than normal CO2, which causes an increase in pH

24
Q
  1. What are the 4 blood types and the antibodies they produce?
A

Type A- has B antibodies, A antigens
Type B- has A antibodies, B antigens
Type AB- has no antibodies, AB antigens
Type O- has A & B antibodies, no antigens

25
Q
  1. What is the function of blood plasma?
A

a. Regulation: hormones and temperature
b. Protection: cells of immune system
c. Transportation: carries through body respiratory gases, nutrients, and waste

26
Q
  1. What is percent Oxyhemoglobin saturation?
A

The percent oxyhemoglobin saturation is the percentage of hemoglobin molecules that have 4 oxygen molecules attached.

27
Q
  1. During exercise, what happens to oxygen when temperature increases and pH decreases?
A

As temperature increases and pH decreases, more oxygen will be delivered to muscle cells because hemoglobin affinity for oxygen decreases therefore increasing the unloading of oxygen. During exercise, temperature rises and lactic acid builds up, which causes the denature of proteins or cause them to no function optimally. This is the one case where proteins not functioning optimally is a good thing because it forces hemoglobin to let go of some of its oxygen in the muscle cell that is working.

28
Q
  1. Why aren’t these three things found in urine?
A

Proteins- It’s too large to be filtered through glomeruli
Glucose- It is reabsorbed back into blood by proximal convulated tubules
Ketones- found in trace amounts

29
Q
  1. What conditions would make those three things found in the urine?\
A

Protein- kidney damage/ glomeruli damage leads to proteinuria
Glucose- glycosuria. Hyperglycemia. Diabetes
Ketones- ketonuria. Ketosis. Ketoacidosis.

30
Q
  1. Why does proteinuria cause edema?
A

Colloid osmotic pressure is driven by proteins in urine. If proteins are being peed out, then colloid osmotic pressure decreases, which means a decrease in absorption causing an increase in tissue fluid, resulting in edema.

31
Q
  1. What is lung compliance
A

Compliance- the ease with which lungs expand.

More elastic tissues = more compliance; Less elastic tissue = less compliance

32
Q

What is lung resistance?

A

Resistance- within airways and causes hindrance of airflow
Increase resistance = decrease air flow
Decrease resistance = increase air flow

33
Q

Total RBC Count-

A

4.5-5.9 million

34
Q

Total WBC Count

A

4,500-11,000

35
Q

Hemoglobin Concentration-

A

Females: 12-16 g/dl

Males: 13.5-17.5 g/dl

36
Q

Total Platelet Count-

A

130,000-400,000

37
Q

Hematocrit

A

Females: 36%-46%

Males: 41%-53%

38
Q
  1. What is surfactant?
A

Surfactant lowers surface tension.
A decrease in surfactant = a decrease in lung compliance
An increase in surfactant = an increase in lung compliance

Physiology Lab (16 decks)

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