Lab 9: The Skeletal System Flashcards
What makes up the Skeletal Systems?
(3)
Cartilages
Joints
Ligaments
3 functions of bones
- form joints
- Site for ligament (bone to bone) / tendon (muscle to bone) attachment
- allow for passage of nerves and blood vessels
how many bones does adult have and what are the 2 divisions
206
Appendicular skeleton (126 bones)
Axial skeleton (80 bones)
3 examples of axial skeleton
Skull
Vertebral column
Thoracic cage
what part of limbs is appendicular skeleton and give examples
Upper + lower limbs
Arms, legs, hands, feet, joints
5 classification of bones
Long
Short
Flat
Irregular
Sesamoid
example and meaning of long bones
longer limbs
Ex: arm, humerus, ulna, femur
- curved for strength
example and meaning of compact bones
- at surface of long bones (diaphysis/ shaft region)
- epiphyses: contain spongy bone covered by thin layer of compact bone
short bones example and meaning
- small + boxy
Ex: carpal bones & tarsal bones
describe flat bones and give examples
- thin, rough, parallel surface
- roof of skull, sternum, scapulae
Ex: frontal, occipital, parietal
example and describe irregular bones
- complex w/ flat, short, ridged surface
Ex: hip bones, pelvis, spinal vertebrae)
example and describe sesamoid bones
- flat, small, like sesame seed
- located near joints @ knees, hands, feet
Ex: tendons, kneecaps, patella
ossification occurs when in skull
during developing embryo
location of skull
embryonic skull by a process, intramembranous ossification
fontanels function
Provide flexibility to fetal skull
=Allow skull to compress ass it passes through birth canal and permit brain growth
how many bones in adult skull and 3 things that they are composed of
facial bones cranial + suture,
= 22 total of cranial and facial bones
cranial function
enclose + protect brain and site of attachment of head + neck muscles
what does facial bone form
form face, hold teeth, anchor muscles of facial expression
what are sutures
immovable joints (coronal, sagittal, squamous, lambdoid)
what is the u shaped bone called
hyoid
location and function of hyoid
Location: anterior part of neck below mandible
Function: attachment point for muscles of tongue + larynx
3 types of vertebral column and how many are there
cervical (bfast 7)
Thoracic (lunch 12)
Lumbar (dinner 5)
4 functions of vertebral column
=strong, flexible rod that extends from skull to pelvic area
=Encloses and protect spinal cord
=Support head
=Serves as attachment point for ribs, pelvic girdle, muscles of neck and back
2 things hyoid bone consists of
Thick disc shaped body
Vertebral foramen (spinal cord)
4 Curvatures function:
Increase strength
Help maintain balance
Absorb shocks when moving
Help protect vertebrae from fracture
is Thoracic + sacral curves concave (cupping in)
yes
is cervical + lumbar curves concave (cupping in)
no, bulging out (convex)
Transverse foramina function
allow passage for artery and vein
whats the smallest and lightest vertebral
Cervical
7 vertebrae (C1 - C7)
ATLAS (C1)
function and describe its image
bony ring (support head)
nodding head yes
atlas C1 has superior articular facet, what is this
receive occipital condyles of skull
description of axis C2 and its for nodding hear __
large, tooth like process
nodding no
Axis C2 function
dens / odontoid process
arises from vertebra body
Attach to anterior part of atlas
2 features of thoracic
Heart shaped body (others are rectangle)
Circle foramen (others triangle)
how many vertebrae in thoracic
12 vertebrae (T1 - T12)
how many vertebrae in lumbar? and its the _ and _ vertebrae
5 vertebrae (L1-L5)
Large + heavy vertebrae (weight bearing)
features in lumbar
Thick body
Short spinous process
Triangle vertebral foramen
sacrum function
Function=strong support for pelvic girdle
5 fused sacral vertebrae
how does coccyx point in female and male
Female: it points inferiorly to allow passage of baby for birth
Male: points anteriorly
what forms anterior wall of thoracic cage / bony thorax
sternum
3 fused bones of sternum and describe them
1) Manubrium
= Articulate w/ clavicle (pectoral girdle) + first pair of ribs
2) Body
= Articulate w/ 9 pair of ribs
3) Xiphoid process
thoracic cage is composed of
sternum + ribs (12 paired ribs)
3 types of ribs
1) True ribs: First 7 have direct anterior attachment to sternum
2) False ribs: Remaining 5 ribs attached indirectly to sternum or not at all
3) Floating ribs: 2 @ the end (float in muscles in back)
what are appendicular bones and give 2 types
bones of limbs
pectoral (shoulder) girdle
Pelvic (hip) girdle
what is pectoral girdle and 4 things its composed of
bones of each arm articulate w/ pectoral girdle (2 clavicles + 2 scapulae)
shape of clavicle and function
S shaped
Function: interior brace to prevent shoulder dislocation
give 2 types of clavicle
1) Medial (sternal) end = blunt & smooth
Articulate w/ manubrium of sternum
2) Lateral (acromial) end = broad & flattened
Articulate / acromion process of scapula
shape and function of scapula
large, triangular
Function: protect back of chest and shoulder motion
4 types of upper limbs and what are they composed of
1) arms (brachium)
=Humerus
2) Forearms (antebrachium)
=Ulna
= Radius
3) Wrists (carpus)
= carpal bones (8)
4) Hands
=metacarpal bones (5)
= Phalanges (14)
largest and longest bone of upper limb
humerus
2 ends of humerus
Proximal end = articulate w/ glenoid cavity of scapula
Distal end = articulate w/ radius + ulna
what sides are the ulna and radius
ulna = medial side
Radius = lateral side
what are the distal and proximal end of ulna
Proximal end of ulna = humerus
Distal end of ulna = fibrocartilage
strong bony ring attached to sacrum is called
pelvic girdle
3 components of pelvic girdle
ring, coxa, bony pelvic
3 bones of coxa
Ilium
Ischium
Pubis
bony pelvis is made up of 3 things
coxae + coccyx + sacrum
5 components of lower limb
Thighs (femur)
Kneecaps (patella)
Legs (tibia + fibula)
Ankles (tarsus)
Feet (metatarsal bones + 14 phalanges)
longest + heaviest bone in body
femur
patella is what type of bone
sesamoi
patella is what type of bone
sesamoid
medial and larger bone of leg is
tibia
long slender bone on lateral side is
fibula
tibia function
Function: transmit weight of body from femur onto foot
fibula function
Function: provide stability to ankle joint
2 components of feet
calcaneus and talus
talus is articulates w/ ??
tibia and fibula
large, strong heel bone is called
calcaneus
process definition
any projection of bump
tuberosity
small, rough projection that occupy broadd area of bone surface
tubercle
small rounded projection
trochanter meaning
large rough projection
what is the smooth rounded articular projection @ surface of bones called
condyle
bony bumps at bottom of humerus is
epicondyle
facet
small flat articular surface
prominent ridge is
crest
expanded proximal end of a bone that forms part of a joint
head
round opening in a bone is thur which blood vessels and nerve go
foramen
large passageway through substance of a bone
meatus
fossa is
the shallow depression in a bone surface
what is the only movable bone
mandible
which suture passes thru foramen magnum
spinal cord
occipital condyles rest upon which bone
atlas c1; cervical vertebrae
7 bones in eye orbit
sphenoid
frontal
zygomatic
ethmoid
lacrimal
maxilla
palatine
13 bones that form face
paired
= nasal bones
= inferior nasal conchae
= palatine bones
= maxillae
= zygomatic bones
= lacrimal bones
unpaired
= mandible
= vomer
thoracic vertebra function
allows u to identify region of vertebral column it is from
which bones are the first 7 bones of backbone
cervical
which vertebrae do ribs articulate with
t1-t12 thoracic verterbae
scoliosis menaing
sideiway curve to spine
kyphosis
exaggerated forward rounding of upper back (hunchback)
2 bones contribute to zygomatic arch
zygomatic bone and temporal
thoracic cage function
protect heart and lungs
= structures serves as attachment point of respiration for breathing
2 bones composed of hard palate
maxilla and palatine
why are bodies of lumbar vertebrae big
need to support body weight when standing
true pelvis meaning and what does it contain
contains colon, rectum bladder and it encloses pelvic cavity and bordered by bone on all sides
false pelvis function
supports intestines (ilium and sigmoid colon) expanded portion of ilium
how to tell b/w male and female pelvis
pelvic brim in
male = heart
female = oval
pubic arch
male = 90 degree
female = wide, more than 90
which bone articulates with acetabulum and tibia
femur
whch bone u sit down on
ischium
to which bone of axial does pectoral girdle attach
manubrium of sternum
what bones compose palm of hand
metacarpal
3 bones compose of os coxae
ilium, ischium, pubis
