Lab 7: Histology II (Muscle, Nervous, Membrane, Integumentary) Flashcards
3 types of muscle
- Skeletal
- Smooth
- Cardiac
What is muscle tissue
- cellular tissues that use ATP to generate force to produce contractions
Term for cytoplasm of muscle cell
Sarcoplasm
Cell membrane of muscle
Sarcolemma
Arrangement of skeletal muscle
Myofibrils within sarcoplasm (parallel structure)
What is myofilament
filaments that are composed of myofibrils.
Myofilament is composed of what protein
Actin and myosin
Myofibril is composed of
Myocytes
Thick protein filament
Myosin
Thin protein filaments
Actin
How are actin arranged
In sarcomeres
How is smooth muscle arranged
Tightly packed in sheet like way
Arrangement of cardiac muscle
cells branch in irregular pattern and cells join end-to-end by intercalated discs (dark lines)
Striations in skeletal
Visible
Skeletal shape fibers
Long, thick, cylindrical, blunt ends
Do fibers branch in skeletal
No
Nucleus position in skeletal
Periphery
Nuclei number in skeletal
Multiple
Skeletal location
Attached to skeleton
Function of skeletal
Move skeleton
Is skeletal voluntary or involuntary
Voluntary
Striations in smooth
Absent
Striations in cardiac
Visible
Shape of smooth fibers
Shorter, spindle- shaped, tapered- ends
Fiber shape of cardiac
Branched shorter and cells join end to end with intercalated discs
Do fibers of cardiac branch
Yes
Nucleus position of cardiac
Center
Nucleus position of smooth
Center
Do smooth fibers branch
Yes
How many nuclei in smooth
One
How many nuclei in cardiac
One
Location of smooth
Within walls of hollow organs (blood vessels, urinary, digestive, respiratory)
Location of cardiac
Walls of heart
Function of smooth
Propel contents of hollow organs (Contraction moves materials along passageways and regulate diameter of blood vessels)
Function of cardiac
Contracts heart to propel blood
Is smooth voluntary or involuntary
Involuntary
Is cardiac voluntary or involuntary
Involuntary
What is nervous tissue (neural tissue)
It regulates activity of other body systems
2 divisions of n.t
CNS (Brain and spinal cord)
PNS (n.t. Outside Brain and spinal cord)
2 main cell types of nervous tissue
Neurons and neuroglia cells
Neuroglia cells function
provide homeostatic support, protection, and defense to the nervous tissue.
Function of neurons
(structural and functional units of nervous tissue)
Convert stimuli into electrical signals called action potentials or nerve impulses
What is soma
Region of neuron that contains nucleus
What are nissl bodies
Cluster of rough er + ribosomes (synthesis and segregation of nissl bodies)
Present in cytoplasm are neurofibrils
What are neurofibrils
Proteins of filaments + elements of cytoskeleton
Dendrite
Receive stimuli/ info from other neurons
Conduct impulse to toward neuron cell body
Axon (nerve fiber)
Cytoplasmic process extending from cell body
Specialized to conduct info to other cells
Long and slender
What is axon covered in
Myelin sheath for protection and insulation, increases speed of conduction of nerve impulse
PNS axons are covered by myelin sheath formed by
Schwann cells
CNS myelin sheath is formed by
Oligondendrocytes
2 types of neuroglia cells
Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes
What is nodes of ranvier
Small gaps in myelin sheath where plasma membrane of axon is exposed
Enable nerve impulse to jump from node to node (increase speed of impulse travels)
Telodendrites (axon terminals)
Fine branched endings of axon
Conduct impulse to whos next in line (communicate to another neuron)
What is a membrane
Thin layer of tissues that covers a surface
- continuous multicellular sheets composed of epithelium
Nervous tissue function ( c and c)
Coordination and controlling body activity
What does nervous tissue stimulate
Muscle contractions, creates awareness of environment and memory, reasoning, emotion
3 types of covering and lining membranes
- Mucuous
- Serous
- Cutaneous
What does mucous membranes line
Body cavities that open to exterior (hollow organs)
What is a mucous function
lubricates and protects organs and cavities from abrasive particles and bodily fluids, as well as invasive pathogens.
What do mucous membrane contain
Goblet cells/ multicellular mucous glands
What does serous membrane consist of
simple squamous epithelium resting on a thin layer of areolar connective tissue
Serous membranes function
Moist membranes that line walls (parietal) and cover organs (visceral) within ventral body cavities:
Pericardial
Pleural
Abdominopelvic
What is serous fluid in serous membrane
produced by serous membranes + lubricante surface to reduce friction
Cutaneous membrane location
Another word for skin and covers outside of body
Is cutaneous dry or wet membrane
Dry
function of cutaneous membrane
protect the rest of the body’s tissues and organs from physical damage
What is integumentary system
Complex group of organs that protects human body from external environment
What is integumentary system composed of
Skin + glands, hair and nails
4 functions of integumentary system
Protection of underlying body parts
Excretion of water, salts, wastes
Regulation of body temp
Detection of sensory info (touch, temp, pain)
2 regions of skin
Epidermis (superficial) and dermis (deeper)
Where does subcutaneous layer (hypodermics) lies
Beneath dermis but NOT part of skin
What is epidermis
Outer layer consists of stratified squamous epithelium
What is the thinnest part of dermis
Tympanic membrane (eardrum)
Thickest part of epidermis
Palms of hand and feet sole
What is strata
uppermost layer that provide protective barrier
What’s is stratum corneum
outermost layer
Consists of numerous flattened, dead cells filled w/ keratin
What is stratum basale
deepest epidermal layer
Consists of single rows of cells undergoing mitosis
How is epidermis renewed
Newly formed daughter cells are pushed upward
As cells move into superficial layers, they begin to flatten, fill with keratin and die
Epidermis does not have blood vessels so how does it transport nutrients
Through diffusion
What is the dermis and where is it
Beneath epidermis and it is the inner layer of skin
2 layers of dermis
Thin superficial papillary layer = areolar connective tissue
Deeper thicker reticular layer = dense irregular connective tissue
Which 2 region of skin has blood vessels
Dermis
What does papillary layer contain
- Dermal papillae
- Has dermal papillae (extend toward dermis)
Contain capillary loops, pain receptors and Meissener’s corpuscles
What is meisseners corpuscles
receptors that respond to light touch sensation and most abundant in skin of fingertips, lips, eyelids
What is pacinian corpuscles (tactile receptors)
Larger
Located deeper in dermis
Occur in skin of fingers, pancreas, walls of bladder
What gland is sweat
Sudoriferous glands
Where is sweat located and what does it do (3)
Location: dermis
Function:
1. Release perspiration into hair follicles through pores
2. Coiled tubular glands that secrete mostly water but also ions and nitrogenous wastes
3. Regulate body temp through evaporation
Hair follicle location
Fold down from surface into dermis
Hair bulb
Deep end of follicle expanded
Hair papilla
dermal tissue which bulges into terminal bulb of hair follicle
Contains capillaries for hair growth nutrients
Arrector pill muscle
Extend from dermis to hair follicle
Sebaceous gland (holocrine gland) location and function
found associated w/ hair follicle
Produce oily secretion (sebum)
What is sebum
Lubricate skin and keep hair flexible
2 disorders of hair follicle
- Boil = round, pus filled by bacterial infection
- Seborrhoea = excessive discharge of sebum
Skin is influenced by
Melanin
Where is melanin formed
Formed in deepest layer of epidermis by melanocytes
UV causes increase in melanin (tanning)
Melanin function
Protect deeper layers of skin from harmful effects of UV radiation
Freckle cause
Concentration of melanin in one spot
Skin depends on __?
Carotene
-yellow pigment that accumulates in surface layer of epidermis
Skin also depend on __?
Hemoglobin - red color of blood
What if the flushed appearance in skin
reddened skin, is by degree of oxygenation of blood in dermal blood vessels
Mode of secretion for sweat gland
Merocrine
secretions exit the cell via exocytosis. In this method of secretion, there is no cell damage
Mode of secretion for sebaceous gland
Holocrine
- releases its secretions by disintegrating the whole cell So the entire cell breaks down to release sebum,
3 types of finger print
- Arch
- Loop
- Whorl
Describe arch pattern for fingerprint
Simplest pattern
Ridges rise over the middle of finger
Loop finger print
Pattern contains blind-ended ridge surrounded by ridge that turn back on themselves
Whorl fingerprint
Series of circles in center and broadens out
Superficial layer of dermis: areolar connective tissue
Papillary layer
Secretes sebum
Sebaceous gland
Deep pressure receptor in dermis
Pacinian corpuscle
Projections of dermis that indent epidermis
Dermal papillae
Deep layer of dermis; dense irregular CT
Reticular layer
Secret product through pore
Sweat gland
Portion of hair that projects above skin surface
Hair shaft
Sheath of epithelial tissue around hair; expanded is hair bulb
Hair follicle
Function of arrector pill muscle + tissue type
Generate heat when body is cold
Messengers corpuscle function and tissue type
Transmits sensations of touch and vibration
It is higher in the nervous tissue
Adipocyte function and tissue type
Storage system that accepts chemical energy in glucose and fatty acid form
- adipose connective tissue
Epidermis basic tissue type and function
- Produces new skin cells
- Protects body from harm
- Keep body hydrated
- Contain melanin
It is in epithelial (keratinized stratified squamous)
Panician corpuscle tissue type and function
Detect mechanical stimuli (pressure and vibration)
- its in nervous tissue (lower down)
Ridges in fingerprint purpose
Increase grip by increasing friction
Effects of temp changes in blood flow (exercise skin)
Cold water- restriction of blood vessel
Warm water-dilation of blood vessel
Princess and pea test
Examines sensitivity to pressure
Function: stack more papers and let subject feel it to locate hair until it can no longer locate hair
- sensitive to pressure of great # of touch receptors
Tactile discrimination in various skin locations (skin exercise)
Tests your sensitivity
- due to differences in density of touch receptors in diff areas of body
- ruler band thing on head measure density
- more dense in finger tip and lips
Relative temperature sense (skin exercise)
- desynthesizing nerve
- cold water perceive room temp of hot vs vice versa
Adaptation to pressure skin exercise
Touch receptors becoming less sensitive to an object you are aware of for a long time
- due to adaptation of receptor cells
- coin concept (the more it stays in hand the less u become sensitive to it)
Liquid crystal thermography skin exercise
- measure different temp of diff region of body
- certain areas are hotter than others
Thermography- measures amount of heat emitted by an area of body
-transform temp into visible signals
Changes in temp modify shape of liquid crystal which modifies wavelengths of light reflected
