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LAB > Lab 7: Histology II (Muscle, Nervous, Membrane, Integumentary) > Flashcards

Lab 7: Histology II (Muscle, Nervous, Membrane, Integumentary) Flashcards

1
Q

3 types of muscle

A
  1. Skeletal
  2. Smooth
  3. Cardiac
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2
Q

What is muscle tissue

A
  • cellular tissues that use ATP to generate force to produce contractions
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3
Q

Term for cytoplasm of muscle cell

A

Sarcoplasm

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4
Q

Cell membrane of muscle

A

Sarcolemma

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5
Q

Arrangement of skeletal muscle

A

Myofibrils within sarcoplasm (parallel structure)

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6
Q

What is myofilament

A

filaments that are composed of myofibrils.

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7
Q

Myofilament is composed of what protein

A

Actin and myosin

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8
Q

Myofibril is composed of

A

Myocytes

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9
Q

Thick protein filament

A

Myosin

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10
Q

Thin protein filaments

A

Actin

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11
Q

How are actin arranged

A

In sarcomeres

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12
Q

How is smooth muscle arranged

A

Tightly packed in sheet like way

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13
Q

Arrangement of cardiac muscle

A

cells branch in irregular pattern and cells join end-to-end by intercalated discs (dark lines)

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14
Q

Striations in skeletal

A

Visible

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15
Q

Skeletal shape fibers

A

Long, thick, cylindrical, blunt ends

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16
Q

Do fibers branch in skeletal

A

No

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17
Q

Nucleus position in skeletal

A

Periphery

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18
Q

Nuclei number in skeletal

A

Multiple

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19
Q

Skeletal location

A

Attached to skeleton

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20
Q

Function of skeletal

A

Move skeleton

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21
Q

Is skeletal voluntary or involuntary

A

Voluntary

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22
Q

Striations in smooth

A

Absent

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23
Q

Striations in cardiac

A

Visible

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24
Q

Shape of smooth fibers

A

Shorter, spindle- shaped, tapered- ends

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25
Q

Fiber shape of cardiac

A

Branched shorter and cells join end to end with intercalated discs

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26
Q

Do fibers of cardiac branch

A

Yes

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27
Q

Nucleus position of cardiac

A

Center

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28
Q

Nucleus position of smooth

A

Center

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29
Q

Do smooth fibers branch

A

Yes

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30
Q

How many nuclei in smooth

A

One

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31
Q

How many nuclei in cardiac

A

One

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32
Q

Location of smooth

A

Within walls of hollow organs (blood vessels, urinary, digestive, respiratory)

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33
Q

Location of cardiac

A

Walls of heart

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34
Q

Function of smooth

A

Propel contents of hollow organs (Contraction moves materials along passageways and regulate diameter of blood vessels)

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35
Q

Function of cardiac

A

Contracts heart to propel blood

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36
Q

Is smooth voluntary or involuntary

A

Involuntary

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37
Q

Is cardiac voluntary or involuntary

A

Involuntary

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38
Q

What is nervous tissue (neural tissue)

A

It regulates activity of other body systems

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39
Q

2 divisions of n.t

A

CNS (Brain and spinal cord)
PNS (n.t. Outside Brain and spinal cord)

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40
Q

2 main cell types of nervous tissue

A

Neurons and neuroglia cells

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41
Q

Neuroglia cells function

A

provide homeostatic support, protection, and defense to the nervous tissue.

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42
Q

Function of neurons

A

(structural and functional units of nervous tissue)

Convert stimuli into electrical signals called action potentials or nerve impulses

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43
Q

What is soma

A

Region of neuron that contains nucleus

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44
Q

What are nissl bodies

A

Cluster of rough er + ribosomes (synthesis and segregation of nissl bodies)
Present in cytoplasm are neurofibrils

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45
Q

What are neurofibrils

A

Proteins of filaments + elements of cytoskeleton

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46
Q

Dendrite

A

Receive stimuli/ info from other neurons
Conduct impulse to toward neuron cell body

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47
Q

Axon (nerve fiber)

A

Cytoplasmic process extending from cell body

Specialized to conduct info to other cells
Long and slender

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48
Q

What is axon covered in

A

Myelin sheath for protection and insulation, increases speed of conduction of nerve impulse

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49
Q

PNS axons are covered by myelin sheath formed by

A

Schwann cells

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50
Q

CNS myelin sheath is formed by

A

Oligondendrocytes

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51
Q

2 types of neuroglia cells

A

Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes

52
Q

What is nodes of ranvier

A

Small gaps in myelin sheath where plasma membrane of axon is exposed

Enable nerve impulse to jump from node to node (increase speed of impulse travels)

53
Q

Telodendrites (axon terminals)

A

Fine branched endings of axon
Conduct impulse to whos next in line (communicate to another neuron)

54
Q

What is a membrane

A

Thin layer of tissues that covers a surface
- continuous multicellular sheets composed of epithelium

55
Q

Nervous tissue function ( c and c)

A

Coordination and controlling body activity

56
Q

What does nervous tissue stimulate

A

Muscle contractions, creates awareness of environment and memory, reasoning, emotion

57
Q

3 types of covering and lining membranes

A
  1. Mucuous
  2. Serous
  3. Cutaneous
58
Q

What does mucous membranes line

A

Body cavities that open to exterior (hollow organs)

59
Q

What is a mucous function

A

lubricates and protects organs and cavities from abrasive particles and bodily fluids, as well as invasive pathogens.

60
Q

What do mucous membrane contain

A

Goblet cells/ multicellular mucous glands

61
Q

What does serous membrane consist of

A

simple squamous epithelium resting on a thin layer of areolar connective tissue

62
Q

Serous membranes function

A

Moist membranes that line walls (parietal) and cover organs (visceral) within ventral body cavities:
Pericardial
Pleural
Abdominopelvic

63
Q

What is serous fluid in serous membrane

A

produced by serous membranes + lubricante surface to reduce friction

64
Q

Cutaneous membrane location

A

Another word for skin and covers outside of body

65
Q

Is cutaneous dry or wet membrane

A

Dry

66
Q

function of cutaneous membrane

A

protect the rest of the body’s tissues and organs from physical damage

67
Q

What is integumentary system

A

Complex group of organs that protects human body from external environment

68
Q

What is integumentary system composed of

A

Skin + glands, hair and nails

69
Q

4 functions of integumentary system

A

Protection of underlying body parts
Excretion of water, salts, wastes
Regulation of body temp
Detection of sensory info (touch, temp, pain)

70
Q

2 regions of skin

A

Epidermis (superficial) and dermis (deeper)

71
Q

Where does subcutaneous layer (hypodermics) lies

A

Beneath dermis but NOT part of skin

72
Q

What is epidermis

A

Outer layer consists of stratified squamous epithelium

73
Q

What is the thinnest part of dermis

A

Tympanic membrane (eardrum)

74
Q

Thickest part of epidermis

A

Palms of hand and feet sole

75
Q

What is strata

A

uppermost layer that provide protective barrier

76
Q

What’s is stratum corneum

A

outermost layer
Consists of numerous flattened, dead cells filled w/ keratin

77
Q

What is stratum basale

A

deepest epidermal layer
Consists of single rows of cells undergoing mitosis

78
Q

How is epidermis renewed

A

Newly formed daughter cells are pushed upward

As cells move into superficial layers, they begin to flatten, fill with keratin and die

79
Q

Epidermis does not have blood vessels so how does it transport nutrients

A

Through diffusion

80
Q

What is the dermis and where is it

A

Beneath epidermis and it is the inner layer of skin

81
Q

2 layers of dermis

A

Thin superficial papillary layer = areolar connective tissue

Deeper thicker reticular layer = dense irregular connective tissue

82
Q

Which 2 region of skin has blood vessels

A

Dermis

83
Q

What does papillary layer contain

A
  1. Dermal papillae
    - Has dermal papillae (extend toward dermis)
    Contain capillary loops, pain receptors and Meissener’s corpuscles
84
Q

What is meisseners corpuscles

A

receptors that respond to light touch sensation and most abundant in skin of fingertips, lips, eyelids

85
Q

What is pacinian corpuscles (tactile receptors)

A

Larger
Located deeper in dermis
Occur in skin of fingers, pancreas, walls of bladder

86
Q

What gland is sweat

A

Sudoriferous glands

87
Q

Where is sweat located and what does it do (3)

A

Location: dermis
Function:
1. Release perspiration into hair follicles through pores
2. Coiled tubular glands that secrete mostly water but also ions and nitrogenous wastes
3. Regulate body temp through evaporation

88
Q

Hair follicle location

A

Fold down from surface into dermis

89
Q

Hair bulb

A

Deep end of follicle expanded

90
Q

Hair papilla

A

dermal tissue which bulges into terminal bulb of hair follicle
Contains capillaries for hair growth nutrients

91
Q

Arrector pill muscle

A

Extend from dermis to hair follicle

92
Q

Sebaceous gland (holocrine gland) location and function

A

found associated w/ hair follicle
Produce oily secretion (sebum)

93
Q

What is sebum

A

Lubricate skin and keep hair flexible

94
Q

2 disorders of hair follicle

A
  1. Boil = round, pus filled by bacterial infection
  2. Seborrhoea = excessive discharge of sebum
95
Q

Skin is influenced by

A

Melanin

96
Q

Where is melanin formed

A

Formed in deepest layer of epidermis by melanocytes
UV causes increase in melanin (tanning)

97
Q

Melanin function

A

Protect deeper layers of skin from harmful effects of UV radiation

98
Q

Freckle cause

A

Concentration of melanin in one spot

99
Q

Skin depends on __?

A

Carotene
-yellow pigment that accumulates in surface layer of epidermis

100
Q

Skin also depend on __?

A

Hemoglobin - red color of blood

101
Q

What if the flushed appearance in skin

A

reddened skin, is by degree of oxygenation of blood in dermal blood vessels

102
Q

Mode of secretion for sweat gland

A

Merocrine

secretions exit the cell via exocytosis. In this method of secretion, there is no cell damage

103
Q

Mode of secretion for sebaceous gland

A

Holocrine
- releases its secretions by disintegrating the whole cell So the entire cell breaks down to release sebum,

104
Q

3 types of finger print

A
  1. Arch
  2. Loop
  3. Whorl
105
Q

Describe arch pattern for fingerprint

A

Simplest pattern
Ridges rise over the middle of finger

106
Q

Loop finger print

A

Pattern contains blind-ended ridge surrounded by ridge that turn back on themselves

107
Q

Whorl fingerprint

A

Series of circles in center and broadens out

108
Q

Superficial layer of dermis: areolar connective tissue

A

Papillary layer

109
Q

Secretes sebum

A

Sebaceous gland

110
Q

Deep pressure receptor in dermis

A

Pacinian corpuscle

111
Q

Projections of dermis that indent epidermis

A

Dermal papillae

112
Q

Deep layer of dermis; dense irregular CT

A

Reticular layer

113
Q

Secret product through pore

A

Sweat gland

114
Q

Portion of hair that projects above skin surface

A

Hair shaft

115
Q

Sheath of epithelial tissue around hair; expanded is hair bulb

A

Hair follicle

116
Q

Function of arrector pill muscle + tissue type

A

Generate heat when body is cold

117
Q

Messengers corpuscle function and tissue type

A

Transmits sensations of touch and vibration
It is higher in the nervous tissue

118
Q

Adipocyte function and tissue type

A

Storage system that accepts chemical energy in glucose and fatty acid form
- adipose connective tissue

119
Q

Epidermis basic tissue type and function

A
  1. Produces new skin cells
  2. Protects body from harm
  3. Keep body hydrated
  4. Contain melanin

It is in epithelial (keratinized stratified squamous)

120
Q

Panician corpuscle tissue type and function

A

Detect mechanical stimuli (pressure and vibration)
- its in nervous tissue (lower down)

121
Q

Ridges in fingerprint purpose

A

Increase grip by increasing friction

122
Q

Effects of temp changes in blood flow (exercise skin)

A

Cold water- restriction of blood vessel
Warm water-dilation of blood vessel

123
Q

Princess and pea test

A

Examines sensitivity to pressure
Function: stack more papers and let subject feel it to locate hair until it can no longer locate hair
- sensitive to pressure of great # of touch receptors

124
Q

Tactile discrimination in various skin locations (skin exercise)

A

Tests your sensitivity
- due to differences in density of touch receptors in diff areas of body
- ruler band thing on head measure density
- more dense in finger tip and lips

125
Q

Relative temperature sense (skin exercise)

A
  • desynthesizing nerve
  • cold water perceive room temp of hot vs vice versa
126
Q

Adaptation to pressure skin exercise

A

Touch receptors becoming less sensitive to an object you are aware of for a long time
- due to adaptation of receptor cells

  • coin concept (the more it stays in hand the less u become sensitive to it)
127
Q

Liquid crystal thermography skin exercise

A
  • measure different temp of diff region of body
  • certain areas are hotter than others

Thermography- measures amount of heat emitted by an area of body
-transform temp into visible signals

Changes in temp modify shape of liquid crystal which modifies wavelengths of light reflected

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