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LAB > Lab 8: The Nervous System > Flashcards

Lab 8: The Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

2 main subdivisions of nervous system

A
  1. CNS (brain + spinal cord)
  2. PNS (cranial and spinal nerves)
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2
Q

3 main protection structures of CNS

A
  1. skull + vertebral column
  2. meninges
  3. cerebrospinal fluid
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3
Q

position of white and grey matter in brain

A

gray = outside
white = inside

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4
Q

position of white + grey matter in spinal cord

A

gray - inside
white - outside

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5
Q

lobes of human brain

A

parietal, frontal, temporal, occipital

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6
Q

5 components of basic reflex arc

A
  1. Receptor which responds to stimulus
  2. sensory (afferent neurons), enters dorsal root of spinal cord
  3. Integrating center within gray matter of spinal cord transfer info from sensory neuron to motor neuron
  4. Motor (efferent neurons) has its cell body in gray matter
  5. Effector organ usually a muscle or gland
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7
Q

3 groups of basic functions of nervous system

A
  1. Sensory
  2. Motor response
  3. Integrative
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8
Q

Function of nervous system

A

Most complex organ system
- communication, movement, regulation

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9
Q

Function of sensory group

A

1.Detect external + internal stimuli
2.Sensory info is carried to brain + spinal cord through cranial + spinal nerves
3.CNS process integrate and coordinate this incoming info to create a response

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10
Q

Motor response group function

A
  1. Initiated by activating effector organs (muscles + glands) through PNS
  2. PNS serve as communication lines that carry info to and from CNS, to link all parts of body
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11
Q

Integrative group function

A
  1. Brings things together
  2. Link body parts
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12
Q

What is the outermost bony brain covering

A

Skull + vertebral column

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13
Q

Sutures (part of skull)

A

immovable joints that join bones together (except 3 ear small bones)

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14
Q

Lobes

A

various regions of external surface of cerebrum (division)
Ex: frontal lobe of cerebrum lie under paired frontal bones of skull

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15
Q

Small holes that skull has and allow cranial nerves + blood vessel to go through

A

Foramina

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16
Q

Foramen magnum

A

Large hole at skulls base, which spinal cord passes as it enters vertebral column

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17
Q

Vertebral column

A
  • support upper body
    -Each vertebra has a large hole called vertebral foramen (spinal cord passes through)
    -Provide hard protection for spinal cord
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18
Q

What is meninges and its 3 layers

A

3 layers of connective tissue that covers surface of brain and entire surface of spinal cord
1. Dura mater
2. Arachnoid mater
3. Pia mater

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19
Q

What is dura mater

A
  • outermost meninx
  • Composed of fibrous connective tissue
    -Sends one extension down b/w cerebrum and cerebellum and another b/w 2 central hemispheres (anchor brain inside cranial activity)
  • has Epidural space
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20
Q

Where is epidural space

A

b/w wall of vertebral foramen and spinal dura mater filled with fatty tissues (cushioning)

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21
Q

2 layers of dura mater

A
  1. Periosteal dura mater
  2. Meningeal dura mater
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22
Q

Outer layer of dura mater

A

Periosteal dura mater
- attached to inner surface of skull bones

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23
Q

Inner layer of dura mater

A

Meningeal dura mater
- external covering of brain

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24
Q

How does duralumin layers work together

A

Fuse together except when separating under cranium to form dural venous sinuses (superior sagittal sinus) that collect venous blood from brain and transfers it into jugular veins

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25
Arachnoid mater
Middle layer Separated from dura mater by narrow subdural space which has serous fluid
26
Arachnoid appearance
filmy, cobweb material w/ spider like extensions
27
Wide separation beneath arachnoid mater
Subarachnoid space
28
What does subarachnoid space contain
CSF+ largest blood vessels serving the brain
29
Pia mater
Innermost meninx Highly vascularized Composed of areolar connective issues
30
Location of Pia mater
Sticks to surface of brain and spinal cord and dips deeply into grooves (CAN'T BE SEPARATE)
31
What is denticulate ligaments
shelves of pia mater in spinal cord 2. Extend through arachnoid mater to anchor spinal cord to the dura mater at regular intervals 3. Limit sideways movement of cord
32
What is CSF
Watery fluid similar to blood plasma and interstitial fluid Fills 4 ventricles of brain and central canal
33
Function of CSF
1) Cushion CNS, protecting soft tissue from jolts and blows 2) Maintains stable ionic concentration in CNS 3) Serves as pathways to blood for waste substances
34
What is CSF produced by
Capillaries in choroid plexuses
35
How does choroid plexuses
1. Flows from ventricles through interconnecting channels + spinal cord central canal 2. Enters subarachnoid space via walls opening of 4th ventricle
36
CSF is absorbed by
Arachnoid villi (occurs in subarachnoid space)
37
What is corpus callosum
forms arch above lateral ventricles (2 large cavities filled w/ CSF)
38
3rd ventricle
Shallow depression surrounding thalamus (under lateral ventricle)
39
Cerebral aqueduct
1) short canal that connects 3rd and 4th ventricles 2) Travels through midbrain region
40
Triangular space b/w pons and cerebellum Continuous with central canal of spinal cord
4th ventricle
41
What is meningitis
- Inflammation of protective membrane covering brain and spinal cord (due to bacterial infection
42
Meningitis
Inflammation of protective membrane covering brain and spinal cord (due to bacterial infection
43
Hydrocephalus
Abnormal buildup of fluid (CFS) in ventricles (cavities) deep within brain
44
Largest portion of brain and surface is highly convoluted
Cerebrum
45
Folds / ridges of cerebrum
Gyri
46
What is sulcus
Regions/ grooves
47
What is fissure
Deeper grooves
48
Longitudinal fissure
separates cerebrum into right and left cerebral hemispheres
49
Corpus callosum
- Structure composed of nerve fibers which conduct impulses b/w 2 hemispheres of cerebrum - Ensure both sides of brian can send signals and communicate
50
Central sulcus
separates frontal lobe from parietal lobe separate postcentral gyrus and precentral gyrus of parietal lobe
51
Separates frontal lobe from temporal lobe
Lateral sulcus
52
Most posterior lobe
Occipital lobe
53
5th lobe deep within lateral sulcus + not visible
Insula
54
Precentral gyrus
Contains primary motor area (voluntarily)
55
Post central gyrus
Contains primary sensory area (receives info from sensory receptors for pressure, pain, temp)
56
Thalamus function
relay station for for sensory impulses passing upward to cerebral cortex
57
Hypothalamus function and location
beneath thalamus Involved in regulating body temp, water balance, appetite, emotions Regulates release of hormones from pituitary gland
58
Region that contains thalamus and hypothalamus
Diencephalon
59
Form part of “roof” of midbrain
- controls the position of the head and eyes in response to visual, auditory, and somatic stimuli - transmits auditory signals to the auditory center in the cerebral cortex. Corpora quadrigemina
60
Tree of life
Arbor vitae
61
Where is 4th ventricle located
Under cerebellum
62
Spinal cord
Extends from medulla oblongata to superior border of second lumbar vertebrae
63
2 grooves that mark surface of spinal cord
1) anterior median fissure 2) posterior median sulcus
64
Grey matter
Butterfly shape
65
Central canal
mid region formed by gray commissure
66
Horns of gray matter
Projections of gray matter
67
How white matter outside area of cord is divided
Columns of white matter
68
Roots
bundles of axons that attach 31 pairs of spinal nerves to regions of cord
69
Dorsal root ganglion
Contains cell bodies of sensory neurons Swelling that dorsal root contain
70
2 function of spinal cord
1) Acts in conduction and integration of sensory and motor impulses to and from brain 2) Serves as an integration center for some reflect
71
What is reflex
Rapid unconscious reaction to a certain stimulus
72
Pattelar reflex
Kick motion tendon at doctor Quadricep muscle causes leg to kick and extend
73
Achilles reflex
Contraction of calf muscles Toes point down
74
Babinski reflex
1. Toes point downward 2. Abnormal reflex 3. Big toe extends upward and other toes spread apart Presence of this in adult indicates neurological damage to pyramidal tract of spinal cord
75
Swallowing reflex
Can’t swallow in quick succession Water spill all over place
76
Connects 3rd and 4th ventricle
Cerebral aqueduct
77
Synapse site for sensory fibres travelling to cerebral cortex
Thalamus
78
Innermost layer covering brain surface (delicate and highly vascularized)
Pia mater
79
Space b/w arachnoid and Pia maters filled with CSF
Subarachnoid space
80
Arachnoid villi
Structures that return CSF to venous blood in dural sinuses
81
Structure that forms CSF
CHOROID PLEXUS
82
Large fiber tract connecting cerebral hemispheres
Corpus callosum
83
site of regulation of body temp and water balance; controls pituitary function
Hypothalamus
84
Bridge b/w midbrain and medulla oblongata
Pons
85
Medulla oblongata function
contains autonomic centers regulating heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rhythm
86
Contains corpora quadrigemina
Midbrain
87
Outer layer forms periosteum of skull
Dura mater
88
Cerebellum function
Regulation of posture and coordination of muscular movements

LAB (12 decks)

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