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A+P Lab > Lab 8 > Flashcards

Lab 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main protective structures of the CNS?

A
  1. Skull and vertebral column
  2. Meninges
  3. Cerebrospinal fluid
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2
Q

Sutures

A

Immovable joints that join together all the bones in the adult skull (besides the mandible and 3 ear bones)

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3
Q

Foramina

A

Several small holes in the skull that cranial nerves exit out of.

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4
Q

Foramen magnum

A

One large hole at the base of the skull which the spinal cord passes through

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5
Q

Vertebral foramen

A

A large hole in each vertebra through which that spinal cord passes through

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6
Q

Meninges

A

3 layers of connective tissue that cover the surface of the brain and spinal cord

3 layers:
- dura mater
- arachnoid mater
- pia matter

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7
Q

Dura mater

A

The outermost layer of the meninges, it’s made up of fibrous connective tissue.

2 subdivisions:
1. Periosteal dura mater - outmost layer of dura mater which is attached to inner surface of bone of the skull.

  1. Meningeal dura mater - inner layer of dura matter which forms the actual external covering over the brain
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8
Q

Arachnoid mater

A

The middle layer of the meninges, it is separated from dura mater by a small film of serous fluid.

Beneath it is the subarachnoid space which contains cerebrospinal fluid and blood vessels

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9
Q

Pia mater

A

The innermost layer of meninges. Contains highly vascular areolar connective tissue.

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10
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A

A watery fluid that fills the 4 ventricles of the brain and central canal. Acts as a cushion for the whole CNS since it protects the soft tissue from various blows.

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11
Q

Choroid plexuses

A

Found at the top of each ventricle, it produces cerebrospinal fluid within its capillaries

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12
Q

Arachnoid villi

A

Knobby projections of the arachnoid material which absorb the cerebrospinal fluid

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13
Q

Corpus callosum

A

A large bundle of nerve fibres connecting the cerebral hemispheres and conducting nerve impulses between them.

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14
Q

Cerebral aqueduct

A

Travels along the midbrain region and connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles

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15
Q

Cerebrum

A

The largest portion of the brain.

The entire upper portion with folds (gyri) and grooves (sulci)

Note: deeper grooves within the cerebrum are fissures (ex. The groove between the 2 hemispheres)

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16
Q

Longitudinal fissure

A

The fissure which separates the cerebrum into right and left cerebral hemispheres

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17
Q

Cerebellum

A

Located underneath the cerebrum and behind spinal cord.

It is responsible for involuntary coordination of skeletal muscle and the control of balance.

18
Q

Midbrain

A

Lies under the cerebrum. It transmits information necessary for vision and hearing

19
Q

Corpora quadrigemina

A

Controls the position of the head and eyes in response to various auditory/visual stimuli

20
Q

Pons

A

Lies under the midbrain. Contains fibres that connect parts of the cerebellum with the cerebrum

Involved in unconscious processes such as sleeping and breathing

21
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Transmits signals between the spinal cord and the rest of the brain. It also controls things like heartbeat and respiration

22
Q

Central sulcus

A

Separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe

23
Q

Lateral sulcus

A

Separates the frontal lobe from the temporal lobe

24
Q

Precentral gyrus

A

The gyrus in front of the central sulcus and part of the frontal lobe.

It contains the primary motor area which controls voluntary movement of skeletal muscles

25
Q

Postcentral gyrus

A

The gyrus behind of the central sulcus and part of the parietal lobe.

Contains the primary sensory area which receives info from sensory receptors for pressure, pain, and temperature.

26
Q

Thalamus

A

An important relay station for sensory impulses passing upward to the cerebral cortex.
(All sensory info must be processed in thalamus except olfactory)

27
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Directly under the thalamus.

Helps regulate body temp, water balance, appetite. In general it maintains homeostasis!

28
Q

I. Olfactory nerve

A

Function:
Sensory - carries impulses associated with sense of smell

Superficial origin:
From nasal mucosa to olfactory bulb

29
Q

II. Optic nerve

A

Function:
Sensory - carries impulse as associated with vision

Superficial origin:
From retina to optic chiasma

30
Q

III. Oculimotor nerve

A

Function:
Motor - (1) controls 4/6 eye muscles which move the eye (
(2) controls ciliary muscle which changes lens based on distance
(3) controls smooth muscle of iris to constrict the pupil

Superficial origin:
Midbrain

31
Q

IV. Trochlear nerve

A

Function:
Motor - controls 1/6 eye muscles which move the eye (superior oblique)

Superficial origin:
Midbrain

32
Q

V. Trigeminal nerve

A

Function:
Sensory-
(Ophthalmic) Pain, touch, and temp from nasal mucous membrane, facial skin, cornea
( Maxillary) Pain, touch, and temp from facial skin, mouth, upper teeth
(Mandibular) pain, touch, and temp from chin, lower teeth, tongue
Motor - muscles of chewing

Superficial origin:
Pons

33
Q

VI. Abducens nerve

A

Function:
Motor - controls 1/6 eye muscles which move the eye (lateral rectus)

Superficial origin:
Pons

34
Q

VII. Facial nerve

A

Function:
Sensory - taste from tongue
Motor - muscles of face, ears, scalp responsible for facial expression. Secretion of saliva and tears

Superficial origin:
Pons

35
Q

VIII. Vestibulocochlear nerve

A

Function:
Sensory-
(Cochlear) carries impulses associated hearing
(Vestibular) registers movement of body through position of head. Communicates with cerebellum to maintain homeostasis and coordination of muscle function

Superficial origin:
Groove between pons and medula oblongata

36
Q

IX. Glossopharyngeal nerve

A

Function:
Sensory - touch, temp, and pain from pharynx. Taste from tongue
Motor - muscles of pharynx and base of tongue. Also stimulates secretion of salivary gland

Superficial origin:
Medulla oblongata

37
Q

X. Vagus nerve

A

Function:
Sensory - receptors from the larynx, trachea, lungs, esophagus, stomach, intestine, gall bladder, epiglottis
Motor - muscles of larynx for swallowing. Smooth muscle of digestive tract to keep things moving. Cardiac muscle to slow heart rate

Superficial origin:
Medulla oblongata

38
Q

XI. Spinal accessory nerve

A

Function:
Motor - muscles of pharynx, larynx, palate, spinal cord muscles. Mainly swallowing and movement of head and shoulders

Superficial origin:
Medulla oblongata and spinal cord

39
Q

XII. Hypoglossal nerve

A

Function:
Motor - muscles of tongue. Movement of tongue during speech and swallowing

Superficial origin:
Medulla oblongata

40
Q

5 components of a basic reflex arc

A
  1. receptors
  2. sensory neurons
  3. integrating neurons
  4. motor neurons
  5. effector organ (usually a muscle)

A+P Lab (16 decks)

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