Lab 12

Question 1

Granulocytes

Answer 1

White blood cells with large numbers of visible cytoplasmic granules in them

Question 2

Agranulocytes

Answer 2

White blood cells which have no cytoplasmic granules in them

Question 3

Neutrophils

Answer 3

60-70% of total WBC’s

Structure:
Pale purple granules with a multi lobed nucleus.

Function:
Consume parasitic invaders and other foreign material.

Question 4

Eosinophils

Answer 4

2-4% of total WBC’s

Structure:
Red granules with a bi-lobed (2) nucleus.

Function:
Help control allergic reactions

Question 5

Basophils

Answer 5

0.5-1% of total WBC’s

Structure:
Prominent purple/blue granules with an S-shaped nucleus

Function:
Releasing gelatine and histamine to enhance inflammatory response.

Question 6

Lymphocytes

Answer 6

20-25% of total WBC’s

Structure:
Contains no granules and a VERY large nucleus (takes up the whole thing)

Function:
Produce antibodies involved in immune processes

Question 7

Monocytes

Answer 7

3-8% of total WBC’s

Structure:
No granules and a C-shaped nucleus

Function:
Transform into macrophages after invading infected tissue, then engulf infected material

Question 8

Hematocrit

Answer 8

Refers to the percentage of red blood cells in the total volume of blood.

Average: 45%
Male: 40-54%
Female: 38-46%

Question 9

Hemoglobin concentration

Answer 9

Measuring hemoglobin concentration in RBC’s is an important indicator of the oxygen carrying capacity. (Don’t by using a tallquist scale)

Males: 13.5-18 g/100ml
Females: 12-16 g/100ml

Question 10

Erythrocyte count (RBC count)

Answer 10

Important for testing for diseases

Male: 4.5-6.5 million cells/mm3
Female: 3.9-5.6 million cells/mm3

Question 11

Anemia

Answer 11

A decreased amount of hemoglobin in the blood, and therefore a decreased amount of oxygen will reach the tissues.

Shows a below normal RBC count

Question 12

Polycythemia

Answer 12

Occurs when your body is making too many RBC’s

Shows an above normal RBC count

Question 13

Leukocyte count (WBC count)

Answer 13

Important for testing for various infections/conditions.

Normal for both male and female:
5000-10,000 cells/mm3

Question 14

Arteries

Answer 14

Conducts blood away from the heart

(A for away)

Identification:
- has a smaller and more rounded lumen compared to vines
- has a much thicker tunica media

Question 15

Veins

Answer 15

Conduct blood towards the heart

Identification:
- has a larger lumen than arteries
- tend to be more collapsed in shape

Question 16

Why is the myocardium thicker in the left ventricle?

Answer 16

Because it has to pump blood of further distance away
(right ventricle only brings blood to the lungs, left ventricle brings blood to the rest of the body)

A thicker wall allows for a more pressurized pump of blood.

Question 17

Atria

Answer 17

The upper 2 chambers of the heat.

Function to receive blood that is returning to the heart from veins.

Question 18

Ventricles

Answer 18

The lower 2 chambers of the heart

Function to pump blood out of the heart

Question 19

What separates the left and right ventricles?

Answer 19

A groove which contains coronary blood vessels

Question 20

Pulmonary trunk

Answer 20

Comes from the right ventricle and splits into 2 pulmonary arteries to carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs to get oxygenated

Question 21

Aorta

Answer 21

The artery which carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the systemic circulation (rest of the body)

Question 22

Superior and inferior vena cavas

Answer 22

Superior vena cava - a vein which delivers blood collected from the upper body to the right atrium

Inferior vena cava - a vein which delivers blood collected from the lower body to the right atrium

Question 23

What are the 3 arteries which branch off the aorta?

Answer 23

In order from anterior view:

• Brachiocephalic artery
• Left common carotid artery (not seen in the sheep heart)
• Left subclavian artery

Question 24

Pulmonary veins

Answer 24

Note: only visible on the posterior side of the heart

These blood vessels carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.

Question 25

Chordae tendineae

Answer 25

Anchor the tricuspid and bicuspid valves the the papillary muscle of the ventricle walls.

Question 26

Pulmonary circulation

Answer 26

Arteries and veins, that transport blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart

Question 27

Systemic circulation

Answer 27

Transports oxygenated blood to all parts of the body that are not in the pulmonary circuit, then returns deoxygenated blood to the heart

Question 28

Placenta

Answer 28

An organ that is partly maternal tissue and partly fetal tissue. Functions in gas exchange since the fetal lungs contain no air. This happens when the maternal blood diffuses oxygen and nutrients through the placenta and into the fetal circulation.

Question 29

Which 3 blood vessels travel through the umbilical cord?

Answer 29

- 2 smaller umbilical arteries - 1 larger umbilical vein

Question 30

Ductus venosus

Answer 30

A shunt that allows oxygenated blood in the umbilical vein to bypass the liver and get to the inferior vena cava.

Question 31

Foramen ovule

Answer 31

A hole between the atria which allow blood in the right atrium to go directly to the left atrium (Must do this since it can't go to the lungs yet)

Question 32

Ductus arteriosus

Answer 32

A shunt which connects the pulmonary trunk to the aorta. This allows for the blood to bypass pulmonary circulation.

Question 33

Brachiocephalic artery

Answer 33

Branches to form the **right common carotid artery** and the **right subclavian artery**

Question 34

Where arteries supply blood to the arms, chest, back, and shoulders?

Answer 34

The right and left subclavian arteries

Question 35

What happens to the right and left carotid arteries and where do they supply blood?

Answer 35

Both divide into an **internal carotid artery** and an **external carotid artery** Blood supply: Internal = brain and eyes External = structures of the head and neck

Question 36

Celiac artery

Answer 36

Descends from the abdominal aorta and has 3 branches: 1. **Common hepatic artery** - supplies blood to liver, gallbladder, stomach, duodenum, pancreas. 2. **Left gastric artery** - supplies blood to stomach and esophagus. 3. **Splenic artery** - supplies blood to the spleen, stomach, pancreas

Question 37

Thoracic aorta

Answer 37

Branches and makes **intercostal arteries** which supply blood to intercostal muscles.

Question 38

Superior / inferior mesenteric artery

Answer 38

Superior - Supplies blood to the mesentery, small intestine, pancreas, large intestine Inferior - Supplies blood to the colon and rectum

Question 39

Right and left common iliac arteries

Answer 39

Each divide to make an **internal iliac artery** and an **external iliac artery** Blood supply: Internal = pelvic organs and thigh muscles. External = branches to become **femoral arteries** which supply to the thing and hip. They divide further into a **popliteal artery** which supplies to the leg and foot.