Lab 12 Flashcards
Granulocytes
White blood cells with large numbers of visible cytoplasmic granules in them
Agranulocytes
White blood cells which have no cytoplasmic granules in them
Neutrophils
60-70% of total WBC’s
Structure:
Pale purple granules with a multi lobed nucleus.
Function:
Consume parasitic invaders and other foreign material.
Eosinophils
2-4% of total WBC’s
Structure:
Red granules with a bi-lobed (2) nucleus.
Function:
Help control allergic reactions
Basophils
0.5-1% of total WBC’s
Structure:
Prominent purple/blue granules with an S-shaped nucleus
Function:
Releasing gelatine and histamine to enhance inflammatory response.
Lymphocytes
20-25% of total WBC’s
Structure:
Contains no granules and a VERY large nucleus (takes up the whole thing)
Function:
Produce antibodies involved in immune processes
Monocytes
3-8% of total WBC’s
Structure:
No granules and a C-shaped nucleus
Function:
Transform into macrophages after invading infected tissue, then engulf infected material
Hematocrit
Refers to the percentage of red blood cells in the total volume of blood.
Average: 45%
Male: 40-54%
Female: 38-46%
Hemoglobin concentration
Measuring hemoglobin concentration in RBC’s is an important indicator of the oxygen carrying capacity. (Don’t by using a tallquist scale)
Males: 13.5-18 g/100ml
Females: 12-16 g/100ml
Erythrocyte count (RBC count)
Important for testing for diseases
Male: 4.5-6.5 million cells/mm3
Female: 3.9-5.6 million cells/mm3
Anemia
A decreased amount of hemoglobin in the blood, and therefore a decreased amount of oxygen will reach the tissues.
Shows a below normal RBC count
Polycythemia
Occurs when your body is making too many RBC’s
Shows an above normal RBC count
Leukocyte count (WBC count)
Important for testing for various infections/conditions.
Normal for both male and female:
5000-10,000 cells/mm3
Arteries
Conducts blood away from the heart
(A for away)
Identification:
- has a smaller and more rounded lumen compared to vines
- has a much thicker tunica media
Veins
Conduct blood towards the heart
Identification:
- has a larger lumen than arteries
- tend to be more collapsed in shape
Why is the myocardium thicker in the left ventricle?
Because it has to pump blood of further distance away
(right ventricle only brings blood to the lungs, left ventricle brings blood to the rest of the body)
A thicker wall allows for a more pressurized pump of blood.
Atria
The upper 2 chambers of the heat.
Function to receive blood that is returning to the heart from veins.
Ventricles
The lower 2 chambers of the heart
Function to pump blood out of the heart
What separates the left and right ventricles?
A groove which contains coronary blood vessels
Pulmonary trunk
Comes from the right ventricle and splits into 2 pulmonary arteries to carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs to get oxygenated
Aorta
The artery which carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the systemic circulation (rest of the body)
Superior and inferior vena cavas
Superior vena cava - a vein which delivers blood collected from the upper body to the right atrium
Inferior vena cava - a vein which delivers blood collected from the lower body to the right atrium
What are the 3 arteries which branch off the aorta?
In order from anterior view:
- Brachiocephalic artery
- Left common carotid artery (not seen in the sheep heart)
- Left subclavian artery
Pulmonary veins
Note: only visible on the posterior side of the heart
These blood vessels carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.
Chordae tendineae
Anchor the tricuspid and bicuspid valves the the papillary muscle of the ventricle walls.
Pulmonary circulation
Arteries and veins, that transport blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart
Systemic circulation
Transports oxygenated blood to all parts of the body that are not in the pulmonary circuit, then returns deoxygenated blood to the heart
Placenta
An organ that is partly maternal tissue and partly fetal tissue.
Functions in gas exchange since the fetal lungs contain no air. This happens when the maternal blood diffuses oxygen and nutrients through the placenta and into the fetal circulation.
Which 3 blood vessels travel through the umbilical cord?
- 2 smaller umbilical arteries
- 1 larger umbilical vein
Ductus venosus
A shunt that allows oxygenated blood in the umbilical vein to bypass the liver and get to the inferior vena cava.
Foramen ovule
A hole between the atria which allow blood in the right atrium to go directly to the left atrium
(Must do this since it can’t go to the lungs yet)
Ductus arteriosus
A shunt which connects the pulmonary trunk to the aorta. This allows for the blood to bypass pulmonary circulation.
Brachiocephalic artery
Branches to form the right common carotid artery and the right subclavian artery
Where arteries supply blood to the arms, chest, back, and shoulders?
The right and left subclavian arteries
What happens to the right and left carotid arteries and where do they supply blood?
Both divide into an internal carotid artery and an external carotid artery
Blood supply:
Internal = brain and eyes
External = structures of the head and neck
Celiac artery
Descends from the abdominal aorta and has 3 branches:
- Common hepatic artery - supplies blood to liver, gallbladder, stomach, duodenum, pancreas.
- Left gastric artery - supplies blood to stomach and esophagus.
- Splenic artery - supplies blood to the spleen, stomach, pancreas
Thoracic aorta
Branches and makes intercostal arteries which supply blood to intercostal muscles.
Superior / inferior mesenteric artery
Superior - Supplies blood to the mesentery, small intestine, pancreas, large intestine
Inferior - Supplies blood to the colon and rectum
Right and left common iliac arteries
Each divide to make an internal iliac artery and an external iliac artery
Blood supply:
Internal = pelvic organs and thigh muscles.
External = branches to become femoral arteries which supply to the thing and hip. They divide further into a popliteal artery which supplies to the leg and foot.
