Lab 10

Question 1

Orgin

Answer 1

Attachment of a muscle tendon to a stationary (non-moving) bone

Question 2

Insertion

Answer 2

Attachment of a muscle tendon to a moveable bone.

Question 3

Agonist

Answer 3

The muscle whose contraction is primarily responsible for producing a particular action.

Question 4

Antagonist

Answer 4

The muscle that stretches and yields to the effects of the agonist

Question 5

Fixator

Answer 5

Synergistic muscle, that stabilizes the origin of the agonist.

(Steadies the proximal end, while the distal and moves)

Question 6

Synergist

Answer 6

Contracts at the same time as agonist, and aids, the agonist and producing effective movement.

Question 7

Abduction

Answer 7

The movement of a limb or other body part away from the medial line of the body

(Caused by the contraction of an abductor muscle)

Ex. Bringing the whole arm upwards (getting ABDUCTED)

Question 8

Adduction

Answer 8

The movement of a limb or other body part towards the medial line of the body

(Caused by the contraction of an adductor muscle)

Ex. Bring the whole arm back down (ADDing to the size of my body)

Question 9

Flexion

Answer 9

A bending movement that decreases the angle between articulating bones

(Caused by the contraction of a flexor muscle)

Ex. Move elbow up to make 90° angle

2 subdivisions for feet :
Dorsiflexion - the toes point upwards
plantar flexion - the toes point downwards

Question 10

Extension

Answer 10

A bending movement that increases the angle between articulating bones; straightening or extending a limb

(Caused by the contraction of an extensor muscle)

Ex. Move elbow down to make 180° angle

Question 11

Hyperextension

Answer 11

The continuation of extension beyond anatomical position

Question 12

Rotation

Answer 12

The movement of a bone around its own longitudinal axis, without lateral displacement of the body part.

Ex. Moving the head from side to side

Question 13

Circumduction

Answer 13

The movement, in which one end of a limb remains relatively stationary, while the distal end of the limb moves in a circle

Ex. Being up the whole are and move it in a circle

Question 14

Pronation

Answer 14

The movement of the hand from a palm-up to a palm-down position

Ex. Putting your hand down for a cheer in a PRO sports team huddle

Question 15

Supination

Answer 15

The movement of the hand from a palm-down to a palm-up position

Ex. Saying SUP to the NATION by putting your palm out for a high five

Question 16

Eversion

Answer 16

A type of supination where the movement of the soles of the feet are turned outwards

Question 17

Inversion

Answer 17

A type of supination in which the soles of the feet move inward

Question 18

How are joints classified,

Answer 18

The joints of the body may be classified in two ways:
1. According to their function
2. According to their structure

Question 19

Functional classification of joints

Answer 19

Based on the amount of movement, that can occur at the joints.
3 basic types:
1. Synarthroses (immovable joints)
2. Amphiarthroses (slightly movable joints)
3. Diarthroses (moveable joints)

Question 20

Structural classification of joints

Answer 20

Relies on the type of connective tissue, which binds the articulating services together, and on the presence or absence of a joint cavity.

3 types:
1. Fibrous joints
2. Cartilaginous joints
3. Synovial joints

Question 21

Fibrous joints

Answer 21

Articulating bones are firmly bound together by dense, fibrous connective tissue. Joints permit little to no movement. No joint cavity

2 types:
1. Sutures
2. Syndesmoses

Question 22

Cartilaginous joints

Answer 22

Articulating bones are bound to each other by cartilage. Joints permit little to no movement. No joint cavity

2 types:
1. Synchondroses
2. Symphyses

Question 23

Synovial joints

Answer 23

A joint cavity present with several structures which aid the cavity. Synovial membrane fills it.

6 types:
1. Plane joints
2. Hinge joints
3. Pivot joints
4. Condyloid joints
5. Saddle joints
4. Ball and socket joints

Question 24

Function of synovial fluid

Answer 24

• fill the synovial cavity
• lubricate the joint
• nourishment the articular cartilage

Question 25

Plane (gliding) joints

Answer 25

When the articulating services are flat, and movement cannot occur around an axis (only in slight movements)

Ex. Joints between the carpal bones

Question 26

Hinge joints

Answer 26

When a convex surface of a bone fits into a concave surface of a bone.

Permits:
- flexation and extension

Ex. Elbow joint, knee joint

Question 27

Pivot joint

Answer 27

When around surface on one bone fits into a ring portion of another bone.

Permits:
- rotation

Ex. Joint between radius and ulna

Question 28

Condyloid joint

Answer 28

When an oval convex surface of one bone fits into an oval concave surface of another.

Permits:
- flexion and extension
- adduction and abduction
- circumduction

Ex. Joint between radius and carpel bones

Question 29

Saddle joints

Answer 29

When each articulating surface has both convex and concave features.

Permits:
- flexion and extension
- adduction and abduction
- circumduction

Ex. Joint between carpel and metacarpal of the thumb

Question 30

Ball and socket joint

Answer 30

When a ball like surface on one bone fits on a cup like surface of another bone.

Permits:
- all motions

Ex. Shoulder joint, hip joint

Question 31

Functions of ligaments which surround joints

Answer 31

• to reinforce the articular capsule
• to limit the amount of rotation at the joint (to prevent dislocation)
• hold 2 ends of bone together