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Anatomy & Physiology Lab > Lab 3 > Flashcards

Lab 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

Large organic molecules composed of two chains of nucleic acids

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2
Q

What is DNA’s three-dimensional structure?

A

Double helix twisted in the clockwise direction; resembles a spiral ladder

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3
Q

Nucleotides

A

Many individual molecules in a nucleic acid molecule; linked by covalent bonds between their sugar phosphate groups to form the nucleic strand

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4
Q

Three subunits of nucleotides

A

Phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar (five-carbon sugar), and one of four nitrogenous bases

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5
Q

Two categories of nitrogenous bases

A

Purines and pyrimidines

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6
Q

Purines

A

Composed of two nitrogen containing rings and two nitrogenous bases called adenine and guanine

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7
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Have one nitrogen containing ring and 2 nitrogenous bases called thymine and cytosine

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8
Q

Complementary base pairing

A

A-T, G-C

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9
Q

Template (nucleic acid)

A

Is a part or model which serves as a guide for the production of an oppositely shaped structure

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10
Q

What enzyme does DNA replication begin?

A

DNA helicase

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11
Q

DNA helicase

A

Temporarily “unzips” the hydrogen binds between the purine and pyrimidines bases in a short segment of DNA

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12
Q

What is the DNA replication process?

A

DNA helicase unzips the hydrogen bonds between the bases then the nucleotides move into place in the process of complementary base-pairing. DNA polymerase (enzyme) joins the nucleotides by pairing the sugar-phosphate groups to form a new complementary nucleic acid strand.

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13
Q

Why is DNA replication called “semi conservative?”

A

Because each new molecule results from one old nucleic strand and one new nucleic acid strand

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14
Q

Exonuclease

A

Enzyme that controls accuracy of DNA replication and prevents the incorporation of mismatched nucleotides into a new nucleic acid strand by removing any mismatched nucleotides from the strand and replaces it with appropriate nucleotide

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15
Q

Mutation

A

Mistakes that occur during replication and are very important to population because they create genetic variability

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16
Q

Genetic variability

A

Enables organisms to adapt to new environmental conditions

17
Q

Protein

A

Large molecule that consists of one or more polypeptide molecules that are bound together to form single functional unit

18
Q

Polypeptide

A

Molecule that is a string of bound amino acids; are made by using the information stored in DNA in the form of genetic code

19
Q

Genetic code

A

Molecular language consisting of a four letter alphabet (four nucleotides), used to form combinations that are three letters long which are use to construct proteins

20
Q

What are the three letter combinations called?

A

Triplets

21
Q

At least how many triplets are required?

A

22 (20 amino acids and 2 that start and stop protein synthesis)

22
Q

How many possible combinations can be made from 4 letters?

A

64

23
Q

Structural gene

A

Particular segment of DNA that codes for a single polypeptide or a portion of polypeptide

24
Q

mRNA (messenger RNA)

A

Single strand of RNA that is a complementary copy of the gene on DNA; dictates the primary structure of the polypeptide by directing the placement of individual amino acids

25
Q

Codons

A

Three letter combination that is a complementary copy of the DNA triplet but uracil replaces thymine in RNA

26
Q

tRNA (transfer RNA)

A

Binds with a particular amino acid and transport that amino acid to the site of protein synthesis; has two active ends

27
Q

Anticodon

A

Complementary copy of a codon on the mRNA

28
Q

Two active ends of tRNA

A

Anticodon and region which temporarily binds it to the specific amino acid it transport

29
Q

rRNA (ribosomal RNA)

A

Large molecule consisting of large and small subunits; attaches to an mRNA molecule and aligns the anticodon on tRNA with the appropriate codon on mRNA, the adjacent amino acids on tRNA are then joined by their sugar phosphate groups to form a growing polypeptide

30
Q

Amino acids

A

Structural unit, or building blocks, of polypeptides and proteins

Anatomy & Physiology Lab (25 decks)

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