Lab 2

Question 1

Fluid compartments: total body water

Answer 1

600-650 ml/kg bwt

Question 2

fluid compartments: extracellular compartment

Answer 2

250-300 ml/kg bwt

Question 3

fluid compartments: intracellular compartment

Answer 3

350-400 ml/kg bwt

Question 4

erythrocytes: density

Answer 4

1090 g/dm3

Question 5

erythrocytes: average lifespan human, horse, ruminants, dog

Answer 5

120 days

Question 6

erythrocytes: average lifespan cat, swine, rabbit

Answer 6

60 days

Question 7

erythrocytes: average lifespan bird

Answer 7

30 days

Question 8

erythrocytes: minimal osmotic resistance

Answer 8

0.45-0.7 % NaCl

70-120 mmol/l NaCl

Question 9

erythrocytes: maximal osmotic resistance

Answer 9

0.3-0.55 % NaCl

50-90 mmol/l NaCl

Question 10

The most important immunoglobulins in blood plasma
igG
1: Concentration 
2: Proportion 
3: Molecular weight

Answer 10

1. 6-30 g/l
2. 80 %
3. 150000 Da

Question 11

The most important immunoglobulins in blood plasma
IgA 
1: Concentration 
2: Proportion 
3: Molecular weight

Answer 11

1. 0.1-6 g/l
2. 13 %
3. 160000 Da

Question 12

The most important immunoglobulins in blood plasma
IgM
1: Concentration 
2: Proportion 
3: Molecular weight

Answer 12

1. 1-5 g/l
2. 6 %
3. 900000 Da

Question 13

Red blood cell count

mammals

Answer 13

6-12 × 1012/l

Question 14

Red blood cell count birds

Answer 14

3 × 1012/l

Question 15

The percentage of reticulocytes among red blood cells (swine, dogs, cats)

1. adult animals
2. young animals

Answer 15

1. 0-5 %

2. 1-9 %

Question 16

White blood cell count

1. mammals
2. birds

Answer 16

1. 5-15 × 10/l

2. 15-30 × 109/l

Question 17

Thrombocyte count

Answer 17

200-800 × 109/l

Question 18

This phenomenon is called biochemical

polymorphism.

Answer 18

subunits of certain molecules, these variants slightly differ from one another:
same function - different a.a. composition and sequence

Question 19

multimeric proteins and their subunits

Answer 19

Certain protein molecules in an individual are made up of more than one polypeptide chain
subunits: individual polypeptide chains that make up the multimetric protein, subunit may be identical or may vary in sequence

Question 20

biochemical polymorphism: what + example

Answer 20

isoenzymes, Because of the different amino acid composition of their constituent subunits the physical properties of the isoenzymes may vary

Question 21

genetic polymorphism

Answer 21

differences in the sequence (and amino acid composition) of the same subunit between different individuals

Question 22

animal husbandry

Answer 22

animals that are raised for meat, fibre, milk, eggs, or other products

Identifying individual animals, in
pedigree control and in production estimation (e.g. meat quality, egg
production, fat content in milk, weight gain).

Question 23

The production of antibodies against antigen A and B (anti-A and anti-B hemagglutinins) is elicited by:

Answer 23

intestinal microorganisms

whose cell wall antigens are the same as the antigen-determinants in the AB0 blood group system

Question 24

immunotolerence

Answer 24

tolerating it own red blood cell antigens

Question 25

antibodies against A and B, and can it go through the placenta?

Answer 25

IgM -> cannot go throug placenta

Question 26

intravascular hemolysis

Answer 26

Donor’s red blood cells may be destroyed in the recipient’s plasma

causing fever, shock, acute uraemia or
even death.

The IgM hemagglutinins activate the complement system and cause the transfused red blood cells to undergo hemolysis.

Question 27

what type of reaction is the tranfusion reaction

Answer 27

immunological reaction, type II hypersensitivity reaction

Question 28

explain the Rhesus system

Answer 28

three genes making up the Rh
antigens: C, D, and E. Furthermore, there are two possible alleles at
each locus: C/c, D/d, and E/e. If an individual’s genotype contains at
least one of the C, D, E antigens, he or she is Rh positive. In practice
the most immunogenic D antigen is of critical importance.|

Question 29

what happens with the rhesus system if blood transfusion fail?

Answer 29

no preformed antibodies in the Rh system. If Rh positive red blood cells get into the bloodstream of an Rh negative individual, anti-D (IgG type) antibodies form

Question 30

the 3 differences in animals compaired to human blood groups

Answer 30

1. (most cases) no preformed antibodies (RBC antigens of other individuals)
2. In many cases blood group antigens are present in the
   plasma as well.
3. Most artificially produced antibodies have a hemolysing
   rather than an agglutinating character.

Question 31

in animals antibodies are produced by

Answer 31

immunisation:

1. polyvalent serum w/antibodies is prod
2. unwanted ab’s are eliminated by saturation
3. monovalent antibodies are obtained: used for blood typing

Question 32

when are blood groups of domestic animals examined?

Answer 32

neonatal isoerythrolysis or blood transfusion

Question 33

BOVINE blood groups:
1. how many systems:
2. how many blood group antigens:
3. blood gr method for determination
4.

Answer 33

1. 13
2. 100
3. hemolysis method. First a red blood cell suspension is prepared from the blood sample. Subsequently, the suspension is mixed with monovalent test serum and guinea pig or rabbit blood serum that contains the
   complement factors.

positive: antigen-antibody complexes form
- complement system is activated ->lysis of the red blood cells that is visible to the naked eye: a red and
homogenous solution will be formed

negative: Red blood cells settle to the bottom

Question 34

BIOLOGICAL

INCOMPATIBILITY TESTS

Answer 34

First just a small amount of
blood is administered (in case of dogs 5-20 ml depending on the body
weight of the recipient) and after 5 minutes general reactions, pulse
rate, and pulse quality are observed. Restlessness, shivering, elevated
pulse and respiratory rate, dyspnoea, urination, defecation, and
vomiting may refer to incompatibility. If there are no abnormal
reactions, the full transfusion can be given after 10 minutes.

Question 35

crossmatch test, prep

Answer 35

detect the presence of antibodies in
the recipient against the red blood cells of the donor, and vice versa.

2 ml have to be taken from the donor and the
recipient as well. Centrifuge the tubes (5000 rpm, 5-10 min). After drawing off the plasma prepare a red blood cell suspension of 4%. To perform the crossmatch test four slides, red blood cell suspension
and blood serum are used.

Question 36

CROSSMATCH TESTS in dogs

Answer 36

no naturally occurring antibodies against the most
important blood group antigens. Therefore, sensitization (usually
from a previous blood transfusion) against the red blood cell antigen
is needed for a haemolytic reaction to take place. Crossmatch tests
should be performed before a second transfusion.

Question 37

CROSSMATCH TESTS in fe

Answer 37

anti-A antibodies in individuals that have
type B blood groups. In the case of cat breeds that often have type B
blood group it is advisable to perform crossmatch tests even before
the first transfusion.

Question 38

major and minor crossmatch

Answer 38

major:
detecting antibodies
in the recipient’s serum against transfused red blood cell antigens: 2 drops of recipient’s serum and 1 drop of donor’s red
blood cell suspension are used

minor:
detecting antibodies in the
donor’s serum against the recipient’s red blood cell antigen.
For the test 2 drops of donor’s serum and 1 drop of recipient’s red
blood cell suspension are used.

Question 39

Autocontrol tests

Answer 39

detecting antibodies against self red
blood cell antigens both in the donor and the recipient

• Recipient control: 1 drop of recipient’s RBC suspension
  + 1 drop of recipient’s serum
• Donor control: 1 drop of donor’s RBC suspension + 1
  drop of donor’s serum

agglutination and/or hemolysis: not suitible for blood transfusion