Lab 2 Flashcards
Fluid compartments: total body water
600-650 ml/kg bwt
fluid compartments: extracellular compartment
250-300 ml/kg bwt
fluid compartments: intracellular compartment
350-400 ml/kg bwt
erythrocytes: density
1090 g/dm3
erythrocytes: average lifespan human, horse, ruminants, dog
120 days
erythrocytes: average lifespan cat, swine, rabbit
60 days
erythrocytes: average lifespan bird
30 days
erythrocytes: minimal osmotic resistance
0.45-0.7 % NaCl
70-120 mmol/l NaCl
erythrocytes: maximal osmotic resistance
0.3-0.55 % NaCl
50-90 mmol/l NaCl
The most important immunoglobulins in blood plasma igG 1: Concentration 2: Proportion 3: Molecular weight
- 6-30 g/l
- 80 %
- 150000 Da
The most important immunoglobulins in blood plasma IgA 1: Concentration 2: Proportion 3: Molecular weight
- 0.1-6 g/l
- 13 %
- 160000 Da
The most important immunoglobulins in blood plasma IgM 1: Concentration 2: Proportion 3: Molecular weight
- 1-5 g/l
- 6 %
- 900000 Da
Red blood cell count
mammals
6-12 × 1012/l
Red blood cell count birds
3 × 1012/l
The percentage of reticulocytes among red blood cells (swine, dogs, cats)
- adult animals
- young animals
- 0-5 %
2. 1-9 %
White blood cell count
- mammals
- birds
- 5-15 × 10/l
2. 15-30 × 109/l
Thrombocyte count
200-800 × 109/l
This phenomenon is called biochemical
polymorphism.
subunits of certain molecules, these variants slightly differ from one another:
same function - different a.a. composition and sequence
multimeric proteins and their subunits
Certain protein molecules in an individual are made up of more than one polypeptide chain
subunits: individual polypeptide chains that make up the multimetric protein, subunit may be identical or may vary in sequence
biochemical polymorphism: what + example
isoenzymes, Because of the different amino acid composition of their constituent subunits the physical properties of the isoenzymes may vary
genetic polymorphism
differences in the sequence (and amino acid composition) of the same subunit between different individuals
animal husbandry
animals that are raised for meat, fibre, milk, eggs, or other products
Identifying individual animals, in
pedigree control and in production estimation (e.g. meat quality, egg
production, fat content in milk, weight gain).
The production of antibodies against antigen A and B (anti-A and anti-B hemagglutinins) is elicited by:
intestinal microorganisms
whose cell wall antigens are the same as the antigen-determinants in the AB0 blood group system
immunotolerence
tolerating it own red blood cell antigens
antibodies against A and B, and can it go through the placenta?
IgM -> cannot go throug placenta
intravascular hemolysis
Donor’s red blood cells may be destroyed in the recipient’s plasma
causing fever, shock, acute uraemia or
even death.
The IgM hemagglutinins activate the complement system and cause the transfused red blood cells to undergo hemolysis.
what type of reaction is the tranfusion reaction
immunological reaction, type II hypersensitivity reaction
explain the Rhesus system
three genes making up the Rh
antigens: C, D, and E. Furthermore, there are two possible alleles at
each locus: C/c, D/d, and E/e. If an individual’s genotype contains at
least one of the C, D, E antigens, he or she is Rh positive. In practice
the most immunogenic D antigen is of critical importance.|
what happens with the rhesus system if blood transfusion fail?
no preformed antibodies in the Rh system. If Rh positive red blood cells get into the bloodstream of an Rh negative individual, anti-D (IgG type) antibodies form
the 3 differences in animals compaired to human blood groups
- (most cases) no preformed antibodies (RBC antigens of other individuals)
- In many cases blood group antigens are present in the
plasma as well. - Most artificially produced antibodies have a hemolysing
rather than an agglutinating character.
in animals antibodies are produced by
immunisation:
- polyvalent serum w/antibodies is prod
- unwanted ab’s are eliminated by saturation
- monovalent antibodies are obtained: used for blood typing
when are blood groups of domestic animals examined?
neonatal isoerythrolysis or blood transfusion
BOVINE blood groups: 1. how many systems: 2. how many blood group antigens: 3. blood gr method for determination 4.
- 13
- 100
- hemolysis method. First a red blood cell suspension is prepared from the blood sample. Subsequently, the suspension is mixed with monovalent test serum and guinea pig or rabbit blood serum that contains the
complement factors.
positive: antigen-antibody complexes form
- complement system is activated ->lysis of the red blood cells that is visible to the naked eye: a red and
homogenous solution will be formed
negative: Red blood cells settle to the bottom
BIOLOGICAL
INCOMPATIBILITY TESTS
First just a small amount of
blood is administered (in case of dogs 5-20 ml depending on the body
weight of the recipient) and after 5 minutes general reactions, pulse
rate, and pulse quality are observed. Restlessness, shivering, elevated
pulse and respiratory rate, dyspnoea, urination, defecation, and
vomiting may refer to incompatibility. If there are no abnormal
reactions, the full transfusion can be given after 10 minutes.
crossmatch test, prep
detect the presence of antibodies in
the recipient against the red blood cells of the donor, and vice versa.
2 ml have to be taken from the donor and the
recipient as well. Centrifuge the tubes (5000 rpm, 5-10 min). After drawing off the plasma prepare a red blood cell suspension of 4%. To perform the crossmatch test four slides, red blood cell suspension
and blood serum are used.
CROSSMATCH TESTS in dogs
no naturally occurring antibodies against the most
important blood group antigens. Therefore, sensitization (usually
from a previous blood transfusion) against the red blood cell antigen
is needed for a haemolytic reaction to take place. Crossmatch tests
should be performed before a second transfusion.
CROSSMATCH TESTS in fe
anti-A antibodies in individuals that have
type B blood groups. In the case of cat breeds that often have type B
blood group it is advisable to perform crossmatch tests even before
the first transfusion.
major and minor crossmatch
major:
detecting antibodies
in the recipient’s serum against transfused red blood cell antigens: 2 drops of recipient’s serum and 1 drop of donor’s red
blood cell suspension are used
minor:
detecting antibodies in the
donor’s serum against the recipient’s red blood cell antigen.
For the test 2 drops of donor’s serum and 1 drop of recipient’s red
blood cell suspension are used.
Autocontrol tests
detecting antibodies against self red
blood cell antigens both in the donor and the recipient
- Recipient control: 1 drop of recipient’s RBC suspension
+ 1 drop of recipient’s serum - Donor control: 1 drop of donor’s RBC suspension + 1
drop of donor’s serum
agglutination and/or hemolysis: not suitible for blood transfusion
