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physiology > Endocrinology II > Flashcards

Endocrinology II Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the ligand-receptor interactions found

A

Immune-, GI-, endocrine and neural systems

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2
Q

The values of the scatchqrd analysis

A

Bmax: no of binding sites: x axis intersection

Kd: affinity of interaction, lower number = stronger bond, slope of graph

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3
Q

Feedback mechanism

A

Neuro-immuno-endocrine regulation

- info from cns and immune system to hypothslamus to respond in “hormone language”

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4
Q

Membrane receptors: ion channel receptors

A

Acrtylcholine: na+, voltage gated channel (trigger action pot.), muscle/neural cells

Glutamate: neural+glial cells, Mg2+ as antagonist

Anion receptors: inhibitory synapses in cns: GABA mediated

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5
Q

IC enzyme receptors

A

Eg insulin, growth hormone receptors
Autophosphorylation

(Direct phosph. -> other substance is needed for the phosph)

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6
Q

G protein structure

A

3 subunits:
Alpha bind GDP -> then bind beta and gamma subunits - these bind the ic side of receptor -> alpha changes GDP for GTP
—> Gs or Gi

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7
Q

The parvocellular area of the thalamus consists of

A

Ventromedial nucleus
Dorsomedial nucleus
Infundibular nucleus

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8
Q

The magnocellular area of the thalamus consists of

A

Supraoptic nucleus

Paraventricular nucleus

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9
Q

What are the motor proteins used in axon transport called, what is this type of transport called?
(To transport up/down axon)

A

ATP IS USED - found and synthesized in both axon and neural body

Kinesin - from soma to synapse direction
Dynein - residues back to soma

Microtubular transport - direction of tp depends on polarity of transported substance as the microtubulr fibre is polar

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10
Q

Stimulating and releasing hormones

A

The hypothalamus produces releasing hormones and the pituitary produces stimulating hormones

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11
Q

The 4 inhibiting factors of the parvocellular area of the thalamus

A

Dopamine and Somatostatin are the most important
GABA - general
VIP - indirect effect, specific action

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12
Q

Origin of neuro- and adenohypophysis

A

Neurohypophysis - ectodermal glandular nervous tissue

Adenohypophysis - endodermal glandular tissue

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13
Q

Name the 6 hormones of the adenohypophysis according to their function as gonadotropic or metabotropic hormones

A

Metabotropic hormones: GH, ACTH, TSH ( prod. In groups in AH)

Gonadotropic hormones: PRL, FSH, LH (sporadicslly profuced everywhere)

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14
Q

Name the adenohypophyseal hormones according to if they are acidophils/basophils

A

Acidophils: GH, PRL
Basophils: TSH, ACTH

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15
Q

Half life is determined by

A

The syalic acid content of the hormone

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16
Q

What is the precursor of ACTH called?

A

POMC - pre-proopiomelanocortin

- incr. Bw and function against high stress

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17
Q

ACTH functions on the cortex adrenal hormones in what way

A

By incr. IC cAMP –> pkA –> cholesterol cleaving, steroid hormone synthesis (adrenocortical hormones)

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18
Q

ACTH functions

A

Melanocyte stimulation –> pigmentation

Incr. Production of adrenocortical hormones –> circadian rythm, menstrual cycle, long term stress symptoms

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19
Q

GH produced by

A

Acidophils in the adenohypophysis

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20
Q

GH fluctation

A

Pulsating release
High levels at night
Shifting btw incr/decr gh levels

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21
Q

GH’s indirect on the liver

A

stimulate activation of thyroid hormones
simulate synthesis of IGF’s aka somatotropin
- prod in response to gh, in liver to promote growth

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22
Q

why cant IGF exert an effect on insulin receptors

A

bc. Insulin-like Growth Factor is bound to a protein in the plasma even though it is water soluble

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23
Q

the two receptors of ADH and their function

A

AQP1: in vascular smooth muscle to induce contraction which increases the blood pressure

AQP2: in nephron of kidneys -> decrease osmolarity

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24
Q

types of MSH and their origin

A

alpha MSH: from ACTH
Beta MSH – formed by beta lipotropin
Gamma MSH – cleaved from the N – terminal of POMC

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25
Q

pigment granules; resting state vs. “activated” state

- how does the granules travel around the cell?

A

no color: granules around nucleus
color: granules are scattered throughout cell

travel along microtubules of cell

26
Q

short description of melatonine synthesis

A

Light stimulation through the optic nerve -> suprachiasmatic nucleus ->spinal chord -> cervical ganglion -> CP(corpus pineale) -> norepinephrine release stimulates NAT (N-acetyl transferase) which is a key enzyme in melatonin synth. (transform serotonin -> N-acetylserotonin, which them is turned into melatonin)

27
Q

pineal gland innervation

A

not directily connected to the CNS - innervated by postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibres

28
Q

pineal gland origin and cell types

A

glial cells, pinealocytes

ectodermal structure of diencephalon

29
Q

deiodinases

A

activativation and deactivation of thyroid hormones

30
Q

basic structure of thyroid hormones

A

thyronine frame built by condensing 2 tyrosine frames

iodine found on C3 and C5 of inner and outer rings

31
Q

name the thyroid hormones

A

T4 - thyroxine
T3 - triiodothyronine
rT3 - reverse triiodothyronine (reg. steps)

32
Q

T4 is carried by which carrier proteins

A

TBG - thyroid binding globulin (also bind T3)
Albumin - also bind some T3
TBPA - thyroid-binding pre-albumin

33
Q

transit time

A

the uptake by tissues of thyroid hormones - how long the tissues are in contact with passing amount of blood

34
Q

long and short transit time where

A

long: liver: both bound and non-bound hormones are taken up 5sec
short: brain: 1 sec, free hormone conc determine hormonal supply

35
Q

where does the thyroid hormones not have any effect in oxidative processes

A

brain, gonads, lymphatic organs and smooth muscle

36
Q

metamorphosis

A

development after birth/hatching

- TH needed

37
Q

TH in nervous system development

A

myelinization and create synaptic connections btw hormones

38
Q

these hormones are needed for normal development

A

insulin, GH, TH

39
Q

goiter

A

thyroid enlargement due to cell enlargement (hypertrophy) or cell proliferation(hyperplasia)

40
Q

wolff-chiakoff effect

A

accumulation of iodine in the thyroid -> decr. hormone production

41
Q

endemic goiter

A

high TSH levels -> bigger thyroid -> goiter

42
Q

adrenal gland origin

A

cortex: mesoderm
medulla: ectoderm

43
Q

adrenal gland hormone synthesis from what compound

A

LDL from plasma -> cholesterol -> steroid hormones

44
Q

androgenic steroids

A

a type of adrenal hormone

- male sexual hormone produces mostly in testis and adrenal cortex, in lesser extent by ovary and placenta

45
Q

estrogen steroids

A

a adrenal hormone, female sexual hormone produced in ovary, adrenal cortex, testis and placenta

46
Q

corticosterone dominates over cortisol in

A

rat, rabbit and pidgeon

47
Q

cortisol and corticosterone occur in equal conc in

A

dog and cattle

48
Q

lacking glucocorticoids

A

Na⁺ loss -> decr. blood volume

K⁺ increase -> cardiac weakness

Incr. Capillary permeability -> edema develops

Muscular weakness

Water poisoning

49
Q

AC overprod

A

lymph tissue degrades

no of eosinophil and basophil cells decrease

50
Q

AC removal/destruction

A

lymphoid hyperplasia (cell proliferation)

51
Q

GAS

A

(stress stimuli leads to) general adaptation syndrome

52
Q

the 4 phases of stress

A
  1. initial stage: ACTH, Cannons reaction(F or F)
  2. stage of resistance: glucocorticoids
  3. stage of exhaustion or 4. stage of adaptive disorders
53
Q

the 4 regulaters of mineralocorticoids

A
  1. incr. K⁺ -> incr aldosterone prod
  2. renin-angiotensin system activation -> ald. prod.
  3. decr. Na⁺ content, but conc remain the same
  4. ACTH - permissive effect, only needed for mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) to show its full effect, aldosterone synth will not be terminated if deficiency of ACTH
54
Q

function of aldosterone

A

reabs of Na⁺ and secretion of K⁺

prod of transporters

55
Q

catecholamines are produced where

A

epinephrine: adrenal medulla only

NE/dopamine: anywhere in tthe nervous system

56
Q

synthesis of adrenaline

A

Phenylalanine -> tyrosine -> DOPA -> Dopamine -> Norepinephrine -> epinephrine

57
Q

inactivation of catecholamines

A

MAO and COMT can degrade them

alpha1(pre) and alpha2(postsynaptic) receptors: hormone re-uptake

58
Q

sympathetic-adrenal system

A

most important regulatory system of CO

59
Q

NE stimulates which receptors

A

alpha1 and beta1

60
Q

E stimulates which receptors

A

beta2, alpha1

61
Q

dopamine acts on which receptors

A

D1 and D2

physiology (19 decks)

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