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physiology > Digestion > Flashcards

Digestion Flashcards

1
Q

GASTRIN function

A

Stimulate

  • gastric-, oancreatic juice secretion
  • motility, endyme secretion
  • growth of intestinal mucosa
  • fascilitate pyloric pump
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2
Q

CCK function

A

Inhibit

- gastric emptying and motility

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3
Q

Fuction of VIP, GIP, secretin and enteroglucan

A

Inhibit
- gastric juice secretion

(secretin = gastrin antagonist)

Stimulate

  • pancreatic-, and intestinal juice secretion
  • gall secretion
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4
Q

Neurohormonal regulation

Central neural regulation:

A

chewing, swallowing, defecation

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5
Q

Neurohormonal regulation

Peripheral neural regulation:

A

gastric, pancreatic, bile secretion, gastrointestinal motility, intestinal juice production

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6
Q

secretion of pepsinogen stimulated by

A

vagus
low blood sugar
HCl secretion (by histamines)

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7
Q

direct way of regulating secretion of gastric juice

A

vagus stim parietal cell to prod HCl

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8
Q

indirect way of regulating secretion of gastric juice

A

G-cells prod gastrin
H-cells prod histamine
–> these bind to receptor or parietal cell to prod HCl

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9
Q

name the aromatic amino acids and by which enzyme at which pH cleaves them

A

tyr
his
phe

pepsin, 1,8-3,8

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10
Q

Amino peptidases:

A

Cleave an amino-acid from the N-terminal of the peptide

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11
Q

Dipeptidases:

A

Cleave dipeptides into amino acids

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12
Q

Dipeptidil-aminopeptidases:

A

Cleave dipeptides from the N-terminal of the peptides

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13
Q

Na+ symport systems on luminal side of enterocytes tp these proteins

A

Are responsible for the transport of neutral amino acids, phe, met, pro and hydroxyproline

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14
Q

By facilitated transport on the luminal side of enterocytes transport these proteins

A

Hydrophobic neutral amino acids and alkaline amino acids

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15
Q

where are APUD cells found and what are they

A

specialized cells of the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas with endocrine function. They produce gastrointestinal hormones or peptides

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16
Q

what triggers depolarization in spike potential in GI

A

stretching of the smooth mm cell
acetylcholine from nerve endings
PS mimic
specific GI hormones

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17
Q

what triggers hyperpolarization in spike potential in GI

A

adrenaline in blood
noradrenalin from nerve endings
specific GI hormones

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18
Q

why is the blood leaving the stomach slightly alkaline?

A

HCl secretion triggers HCO3⁻ tp to interstitium

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19
Q

gastric secretion regulation

A

direct/indirect
cephalic phase
gastric phase
intestinal phase

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20
Q

gastric secretion; how does the secretion of the different substances occur

A

acetylcholine/chemical stimulis:

G-cells, H-cells, parietal cells ->gastrin, (histamin->) HCl -> pepsinogen

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21
Q

block of H2 receptor

A

cimetidin

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22
Q

block of acetylcholine binding to receptors

A

antropine

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23
Q

what are inhibiting factors of gastric juice secretion

A
  • dilation of duodenum (slow down further evacuation)
  • earlier mentioned hormones
  • chyme being strongly acidic, hyperosmotic or rich in lipids
24
Q

stimulating factors of GI dilation an the function

A

VIP, Gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin

1 - slow down further evacuation
2 - increase digestion and absorption

25
Q

lack of B12 leads to

A

anaemia

26
Q

how is the activation of proenzymes activated

A

enteropeptidase: trypsinogen -> trypsin
trypsin: activate other enzymes

activation = cleaving enzymes

27
Q

main functions of bile

A

emulsifying -> digestion of fats

secretion of metabolic end products and antibodies into the bile -> excretion

28
Q

primary bile acids and their conjugation, where?

A

LIVER
cholic acid + glycine/taurine -> glycocholic acid, taurocholic acid

chenodeoxycholic acid

29
Q

the function of the conjugated bile acids

A

(bile acids: COOH- dissociate in alkaline pH)
conjugated bile acids dissociate at physiological pH
–> increased water solubility and efficiency of bile acids in emulsifying lipids

pancreatic lipase can only digest lipids at the water/lipid interphase!!

30
Q

2’ bile acids and their function

A

cholic acid -> deoxycholic acid
chenodeoxycholic acid -> lithocholic acid

increaced lipid solubility- > increased absorption of the bile acids into enterohepatic circulation

31
Q

the main regulators of bile secretion

A

increased bile secretion

  • n. vagus
  • cholecyctokinin (CCK prod)

stimulate bile production and inhibit bile salt synthesis

  • bile salts into enterohepatic circulation
  • secretin
  • -> diluted bile
32
Q

what enzyme cleave an alpha-1,4-glucosidic bond in the oral cavity (glucose)

A

ptyalin (salivary amylase)

33
Q

what transporters are needed for fructose, glucose and galactose to be transported into the blood stream?

A

fructose - GLUT-5

glucose/galactose - first co-tp with Na⁺ then GLUT-2 once inside cell

34
Q

end product of fermentation of cellulos

A

mostly VFA - but in RU also urease is produced by hydrolizing carbmine

35
Q

End products of carb digestion used in ruminant pH regulation

ABSORPTION

A

VFA incr. absorption if the pH in rumen decrease

LACTIC ACID (from easily digested carbs), usually little content in rumen but if sudden increace acidosis occur
- damage to mucosa

AMMONIA from fermentation of protein and urea, decreased absorption if pH decrease

36
Q

what are triglycerides(lipids) digested into

A

2 fatty acids and 1 2-monoglyceride

+bile salts -> micelle

37
Q

chylomicron

A

micelle diffuse into cell -> sER

2-monoglyceride + fatty acids -> triglyceride
— > cholesterol and phospholipid -> cholemicron

cholemicron + apolipoproteins -> tp and metabolism is now possible (too big to enter caps) -> exocytocis on basolat side -> lymph caps -> thoracic duct -> blood -> entothelial cell -> fat tissue for storage/use in muscle tissue

38
Q

brush border digestion of proteins:

A

peptidases (endo or exo) into tri/di peptides/free aa’s

8-10 Na⁺/Aa. co-transporters at luminal border
and fascilitated diffusion

39
Q

peptide digestion by which hormone where

A

(all produced in pancreas!!)

stomach 
  - pepsin (aromatic)
small intestines
  - trypsin (arg, lys)
  - carboxypeptidases (free C-terminals)
  - chemotrypsin (tyr, phe)
40
Q

increased Na⁺ absporption by hormones

A

large/small intestines - glucocorticoids
colon - aldosterone

sodium incr -> K⁺ increase as well

41
Q

what incr/decr food intake in birds

A

incr: egg prod, low temperature
decr: high temp and high protein content in food

42
Q

what birds have gall bladder

A

hen duck goose

pidgeon guinea fowl doesnt

43
Q

when is the resp quotent incr./decr

A

incr: acidosis(resp compensation), hyperventilation
decr: after exercise - O2 dept

44
Q

The 4 motility functions of the reticulum

A
  1. Create liquid flow to cranial sac
  2. Less dense/fermented material in reticulum to dorsal sac
  3. Reg flow to omasum
  4. Make Regurgitation possible by filling cardia and caudal sac

(Dilate to let cardia above liquid level for eructation,
Motility contractions start from reticulum)

45
Q

Glands and products of bird stomach

A

Glandular part:
Mucous gland - mucin
Complex gland - HCl, pepsinogen and mucin

46
Q

Motility of the avian stomach

A

Primary contraction
Gizzard -> duodenum -> gizzard -> glandular stomach (-> duodenum)

Secondary contraction
Gizzard contract -> content into glandular stomach

47
Q

Avian cecum, functions

A
  1. Mixing contractions and propolsive contractions (stronger, peristalsis and antioeristalsis)
  2. Microbial fermentation, VFA absorption ONLY
  3. Water absorption from urea solution
48
Q

Avian vs rabbit re-injestion of feces function

A

COPROPHAGIA

Rabbit: proteins, microbial vitamins

Birds: end-prods of microbial digestion and vitamin supply

49
Q

Factors of the endocrine system that increase the metabolic rate

A

Adrenalin
Noradrenalin
Growth hormone
Thyroid hormone (incr secretion)

50
Q

Describe the combination of direct and indirect method of calorimetry

A

CO2 and O2 consumption + heat production of animal is measured
–> gives exact and reliable data

Excrete(O2) and temperature(prod) is also measured

51
Q

Respiration quotent, normal value

A

CO2/O2 (vol/time)

0,7-1,0
Circa value bc.: Gas prod/consumpt are influenced by many factors

Qualitative

52
Q

How can we measure the amount of oxidized carbs/fats/proteins

A

N excrete in urine and expired CO2 and inspired O2

53
Q

Acclimasation aka

A

Shift of the thermoneutral zone

54
Q

How does calorigenic effect from thyroid hormones affect the body heat

A

It prolongs the effect of the heat production by incr. BMR

55
Q

Name the 3 factors of dry heat loss

A

Conduction
Convection - air/water touching body
Radiation

56
Q

Receptor of heater cells allowing the leakage of calcium

A

Modified Ryanodine receptor

Calcium from SR -> countinous activation of the calcium pump -> heat

Epinephrine and thyroxine incr pump activity
- futile cycle process

physiology (19 decks)

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