lab 15 Flashcards
trace the pathway of urine through the urinary system?
glomerulus
bowmans capsule
proximal convoluted tubule
descending limb
loop of henle
ascending limb
distal convoluted tubule
collecting duct
renal papilla
minor calyx
major calyx
renal pelvis
uter
bladder
urethra
name the three processes involved in urine formation and provide definitions for these processes
glomerular filtration- begins w blood entering the globerular capillaries where its under a lot of pressure. seperates materials based on size in relation to pores of filtration mem.
tubular reabsorption- occurs as the filtrate flows through the renal tubules. the process of reabsorbing materials the body needs like glucose or water.
secretion- process where substances enter filtrate from blood in peritubular capillaries and it allows waste and other things to leave the body in urine.
what is ADH?
promotes reabsorption of water thats filtered out of blood. helps prevent wide swings in water balance and prevent dehydration.
produced in the hypothalamus and secreted by posterior pituitary gland.
what is aldosterone?
produced by adrenal gland cortex and helps to maintain the sodium and potassium concentration, stimulates reabsorption of sodium ions and water and promotes potassium exceretion
what is the pH range of blood?
4.8-7.5
what does it mean if glucose is found in urine?
indicates diabetes
what does it mean if protein is found in urine?
indicates glomerulonephritis or severe hypertension
can occur during pregnancy
what does it mean if blood is found in urine?
caused by glomerular infection, physical trauma, tumors, kidney stones, or burns
what does it mean if nitrites is found in urine?
indicates a bladder infection
what is specific gravity?
the ratio of the mass of a substance to the mass of an equal volume of distilled water
an increase in water in the urine causes what to happen to specific gravity?
decreases specific gravity
what is specific gravity of water? urine?
w- 1.0
u- 1.005 - 1.030
what is thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
stimulates thyroid gland and its hormones
what is adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
stimulates the cortex of the adrenal glands and controls secretion of epinephrine and cortisol
what is follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
controls growth and functioning of gonads, initiates maturing in the ovaries and testis
what is lutenizing hormone (LH)
promotes production of gonadal hormones, triggers ovulation and acts of leydig cells to secrete testostrone
what is growth hormone (GH)
made in the anterior pituitary gland,
promotes growth of tissues in the body.
what is prolactin (PRL)
stimulates milk production in mammary glands
what is oxytocin?
produced in the hypothalamus but secreted by posterior pitutitary gland, stimulates smooth musc contractions in uterus, stimulates milk ejection, in males it plays a role in sexual arousal
what is thyroxine and triiodothyroxine (T3 and T4)
produced by follicular cells in thyroid gland,
regulate metabolism by stimulating glucose oxidation which increases metabolic rate and body heat
what is calcitonin?
produced by parafollicular cells of thyroid gland,
lowers blood calcium levels by taking blood calcium anf sending it to bones to make healthy bones, more prevelent in childhood
what are the layer of the adrenal gland superior to deep?
capsule, cortex, medulla
what hormone does the adrenal cortex produce
corticosteroids that are synthesized from cholesterol
what are the three zones of the adrenal cortex superior to inferior?
zona glomerulosa
zona fasiculata
zona reticularis
what are mineralcorticoid?
produced by zona glomerulosa,
affects mineral concentration in the body
what are glucocorticiods?
produced by zona fasciculata,
mainly cortisol
fights stress, increases glucose metabolism and prevents inflammation
what are adrenal sex hormones, androgens?
produced by zona reticularis,
makes pubic hair
sex drive
what is epinephrine and norepinephrine?
produced by adrenal medulla,
made in stressful situations, flight or fight.
controlled by sympathetic nerv sys.
norepinephrine is local to brain
what is insulin?
produced in the pancreas,
lowers blood glucose levels by releasing beta cells, converting glucose from blood into gylcogen or fat to lower blood glucose level
what is glucagon?
produced in the pancreas,
raises blood glucose levels by releasing alpha cells, converting liver glycogen and fats into glucose which is released into blood
where are the majority of nephrons found?
renal cortex
