lab 1 Flashcards
define anatomical position
standing forward, palms forward, arms to side, thumbs out, feet slightly apart
superior
structure located above another
inferior
structure located below another
dorsal/posterior
refers to backside
ventral/anterior
refers to frontside
proximal
structure closest to point of attachment
distal
structure farthest to point of attachment
medial
structure closest to mid line of body
lateral
structure farthest from mid line
caudal
tail end (inferior)
cranial
head end (superior)
superficial
structures near surface of body. external structures
deep
internal structures
saggital plane
verticle cut dividing body into left and right halfs
frontal plane
verticle cut dividing body into anterior and posterior halfs
transverse plane
horizontal cut dividing body into superior and inferior halfs
dorsal body cavity
contains cranial cavity (brain) and spinal cavity (spinal cord)
ventral body cavity
contains thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
thoracic cavity
(superior) consists of right pleural cavity (R lung), left pleural cavity (L lung), and pericardial cavity (heart)
abdominopelvic cavity
(inferior) consists of abdominal cavity (contains digestive organs) and pelvic cavity (contains reproductive organs)
what is a serous membrane? what is its function?
double layered membrane that covers organs and
reduces friction; also referred to as serosa
what is the visceral layer
adheres to viscera (organs) in a cavity
what is the parietal layer?
lines the walls of the cavity
what is serous fluid?
fluid between the two layers that decreases friction and allows for movement of visera
what is in the RUQ?
liver, gallbladder, transverse colon, small intestine, R kidney
what is in RLQ?
ascending colon, small intestine, appendix, large intestine
d terwhat is in LUQ?
liver, spleen, stomach, L kidney, transverse colon
what is in LLQ?
descending colon, small intestine, sigmoid colon
what is an atom?
smallest unit of matter that participate in chem reactions
what is a cell?
basic structural and functional unit of an organism
what is a molecule?
made by the binding of two atoms
what is ocular lens magnification?
10x
what is objective lens magnification?
4x, 10x, 40x
what is the total magnification of each?
4x - 40, 10x - 100, 40x - 400
what is resolution?
ability to see fine detail
what is working distance?
the distance between the objective lens and top of sample for it to appear in focus
what is parfocal?
when objective lens can be changed with little to no refocusing
how would the letter “e” appear in the microscope?
upside down and backwards
what is the relationship between total magnification and depth of focus?
as magnification increases, depth of focus decreases. as you zoom in you see less of the object
what is peritoneum? what is its function?
serous membrane of abdominal cavity. has double layer folds called mesenteries which keep visera in place by extending from wall-organ
what is pleura?
lungs
what is pericardium?
heart
what is peritoneum?
abdominal cavity
supine
body laying face up (on back)
prone
body laying face down (on stomach)
trunk
backside
contralateral
structure on opp side of body as another structure
ipsilateral
structure on the same side of body as another structure
what are the ocular lens?
the lens you look through (10x)
what are the objective lens?
set of magnifying lens located on revolving nose piece
what are the condenser lens?
located beneath stage, concentrates n directs the light as it passes through the slide to the objective lens
what is the objective stage?
where the specimen is placed
what is the iris diaphragm?
regulates intensity of light passing through condenser lens, located beneath condenser lens
what is the mechanical stage?
used to move area of the slide under observation
what is the coarse focus knob?
moves object stage up n down
what is the fine focus knob?
sharpens image
what is a anopheles?
mosquito
what is tabanus?
mouth part of mosquito
what is Cimex lectularius?
bed bug
what is Pediculus humanus?
body louse
what is Phthirus pubis?
crab louse
what is Taenia sp.?
tapeworm
what is the mucosal layer of the mouth?
stratified squamous
what is the purpose of the skeletal muscle that covers lips and cheeks?
helps to keep food between the teeth while chewing
what is the palate? what are its two parts?
roof of the mouth.
hard palate- bony, aids in manipulation of food.
soft palate- rises during swallowing to close the nasopharynx
what is the tongue?
made of skeletal musc
used to reposition food in chewing, mix food w saliva, initiate swallowing, and helps w speech.
you have voluntary control of it
what and how is saliva produced?
saliva is mainly water w electrolytes and enzyme called amylase, ligual lipase, antibodies, and metabolic wastes.
composed of serous cells, that produce a watery secretion, and muscus cells, that produce mucus.
how saliva do you produce on av a day?
1L- 1.5L
what do lingual lipase and salivary amylase break down?
l- lipids
a- starch
what are the 3 salivary glands?
-sublingual gland, under tongue
-submandibular gland, jaw area
-parotid duct, by ear or cheeks
what is the function of saliva?
begins chemical dig,
breaks down carbs,
moistens food.
what begins mech dig?
teeth, using mastication (chewing)
what is precise dentition? what has it?
top and bottom teeth fit w each other,
only mammals have this
what are primary dentition or deciduous teeth?
baby teeth
20 in total
teeth that are lost to make room for permanent teeth
what are permanent dentition?
permanent/adult teeth
32 in total
what are the types of teeth? what are they for?
incisors, cutting
canines, tering
premolars, crushing
molars, grinding
what is the adult human dental formula?
I 2/2
C 1/1
P2/2
M 3/3
explain the dental formula
the top # is top teeth,
bottom # is bottom teeth,
only accounts for half of the mouth and assumes both sidea are equal because humans are symentrical
what is the crown?
hardest part of tooth,
covered w enamel,
exposed part of tooth
what is the root of the tooth?
the part embedded in the gums
why do you get two sets of teeth?
because the head and jaw grows so you need more teeth
what is cementum? dentin? pulp cavity?
c- calcified CT that anchors root into periodontal ligaments
d- bone like material under enamel and surrounds pulp cav
p- provides supply of blood and nerves
what are 2 ways you can get cavities?
sugars- the bacteria in mouth breakdown sugar and produce acid, too much consumption of sugar and production of acid breaks down teeth causing demineralization and cavities.
gum erosion- the neck of tooth becomes exposed and it is not covered w enamel leading to cavities
what is function of the pharynx
musc contractions within the walls propels food to esophagus
what is the function of the esophagus
passageway for food and fluids from laryngopharynx to stomach at the cardial orifice.
when does heartburn occur?
when the gastroesophageal (cardiac) sphincter isnt able to stay closed when moving stuff from esoph to stomach and the acid gets out
describe the mechanism of swallowing
buccal phase- voluntary, occurs in mouth where bolus is forced into oropharynx by tongue.
pharyngeal-esophageal phase- involuntary, occurs when food is squeezed thru the phaynx and into esoph. controlled by the medulla and pons.
what are 7 functions of the stomach?
1 mech and chem break down.
2 holding area for food.
3 delivers chyme to SI.
4 denatures pros w hydrochloric acid.
5 pepsin carries out enzyme dig of pros.
6 absorbs alc and asprin into blood thru endothelium.
7 secretion of intrinsic factor for B12 absorption.
what is the cardia and pyloric area in the stomach?
c- where food enters
p- controls movement of food out of the stomach
what is the mucosa of the stomach?
simple columnar w goblet cells that provide protective cover of alkaline mucus
what are gastric glands of the stomach?
produce gastric juice that denatures pros and lipids.
mix of mucus, acid, enzymes, hormones, and intrinsic factor
what are surface mucous cells, mucous neck cells, and parietal cells of the stomach?
m- secretes mucous, keeps acid at bay.
mnc- secretes diff type of mucus.
p- makes hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor to absorb B12 ans denature pros.
what are chief and enteroendocrine cells of the stomach?
c-secretes pepsinogen and gastric lipase to breakdown pros.
e- secretes hormones for communication between dig organs and coordinates activity.
Explain how gastric secretion and stomach motility are regulated.
by neutral and hormonal mechanisms that stimulate or inhibit the enteric neurons of the gut, which are organized as ganglionated plexuses and innervate the smooth muscles of the GI tract.
what is gastrin and somatostatin?
g- produced by G cells in stomach, stimulate gastric secretions and promote movement of food thru tract. ( activates dig sys)
s- from the stomach muscosa and duodenum, inhibits dig acvitity
what is histamine and serotonin in the stomach?
h- increases stomach acid (HCI)
s- regulate and stimulate musc contraction
what is gherlin?
hunger hormone.
released by stomach mucosa to stimulate hunger
how are gastric secretions regulated?
cephalic phase- before food enters, reflex trigger by sight ot thought of food.
gastric phase- lasts 3-4- hrs, triggered by stretch when foods in stomach, releases gastric juices and churns food.
intestinal phase- slow gradual release of chyme into SI
how do parietal cells make hydrochloric acid?
by pumping acidic ions one way and bicarbonates the other way. acid ions to stomach and basic to blood.
what is alkaline tide?
the balancing of acids and bases in stomach and blood. puts acids in stomach and bases in blood.
