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Ruminant Medicine Spring 2016 > L9: Ruminant Diarrheal GI Disease (Sanchez) > Flashcards

L9: Ruminant Diarrheal GI Disease (Sanchez) Flashcards

1
Q

Mechs of diarrhea

A

1) malabsorption (osmotic diarrhea)
2) hypersecretion
3) exudation (increased permeability)
4) Hypermotility

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2
Q

Risk factors of diarrhea

A

1) host (low birth weight, prematurity, FPT)
2) environment (sanitation, pop. Density, feeding system)
3) agent (virulence, load)

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3
Q

Most common reported causes of diarrhea in young and old ruminants

A

Young (30 days): salmonella, coccidia, rumen acidosis

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4
Q

Dx of ruminant diarrhea

A
  • etiology not essential for tx but useful in control/prevention strategies
  • lab data:
  • metabolic acidemia (HCO3 loss)
  • hyponatremia, hypoCl, HyperK
  • hypoglycemia
  • CBC: hemoconcentration or leukopenia
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5
Q

Enterotoxigenic E. Coli (ETEC): populations affected

A

-major cause of diarrhea in calves

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6
Q

ETEC pathophys.

A
  • encapsulated bacteria
  • fimbrial antigen F5 allows attachment and colonization in distal SI (binds on immature epithelial cells)
  • older calves: comorbidity can cause villous atrophy
  • produces heat stable toxins which bind to endothelial receptors and cause hypersecretion of Cl, Na, H2O, and other electrolytes
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7
Q

CS/labwork of ETEC

A
  • watery diarrhea (rapid onset)
  • not usually febrile
  • hypothermic if in hypovolemic shock
  • acidemia with decreased Na, Cl, K, glucose
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8
Q

Dx/Tx/Prevent of ETEC

A

Dx: fecal PCR, ELISA
Tx: same for diarrhea in general
Prevent: give dry cows F5 vaccine, give oral F5 vaccine in outbreaks

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9
Q

Attaching and Effacing E. Coli

A

EPEC: intimin gene
STEC: shiga-toxin producing
EHEC: both

  • common in calves 2-21 days up to 4 months
  • diarrhea can be bloody
  • attachment in colon, SI, or both
  • Dx: PCR
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10
Q

Rotavirus general chars.

A
  • most common viral cause of diarrhea*
  • short incubation (12-24 hrs)
  • stable in environment
  • affects calves
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11
Q

Rotavirus pathophys.

A
  • small intestine
  • malabsorptive diarrhea that causes villous atrophy but spares the crypts
  • causes secretory diarrhea
  • mixed infection with ETEC or Crypto is common
  • morbidity high, mortality low to variable
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12
Q

CS of rotavirus

A
  • lethargy, dehydration
  • anorexia
  • low grade fever
  • watery yellow diarrhea
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13
Q

Dx of rotavirus

A
  • electron microscopy (gold standard)
  • PCR (high sensitivity, specificity)
  • ELISA (fast, good agreement)
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14
Q

Tx/Prevent of Rotavirus

A
  • Tx: supportive
  • Phenol-based disinfectants
  • vaccination of dry cows
  • oral calfhood vaccination (caution: can bind to colostral Ab)
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15
Q

coronavirus most common at what age

A

2-24 days of age

Clinical course: 3-6 days

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16
Q

Coronavirus implicated in what diseases?

A

Respiratory disease, winter dysentery

17
Q

Pathophys. Of coronavirus

A
  • affects all SI, colon
  • Colon: affects villi and crypts
  • SI: affects villous enterocytes
  • causes malabsorption and maldigestion
  • more severe disease, higher mortality than rotavirus
18
Q

CS of coronavirus

A

Watery diarrhea +/- mucus

Severe lethargy

19
Q

Dx/Tx/Prevent of coronavirus

A

Dx: EM, ELISA; shedding drops quickly in course of dz

Tx/prevent same as for rotavirus

20
Q

Clostridium perfringens affects what age?

A
21
Q

Most common type of Clostridium perfringens

A

Type C

22
Q

CS of Clostridium perfringens

A
  • Acute, hemorrhagic enteritis (typically fatal)
  • bloody d, neuro signs
  • Type A –> hemorrhagic abomasitis, abomasal ulceration
23
Q

Dx/Tx/prevent of C. Perfringens

A

Dx: Toxin ID. Type A can be normal flora

Tx: fluids, abx (penicillin), flunixin

Prevent: type C and D toxoid prior to calving. Antitoxin?

24
Q

Cryptosporidum affects what age?

A

C. Parvum:

25
Q

Most or 2nd most commonly isolated GI pathogen

A

Cryptosporidium

26
Q

Crypto morbidity/mortality?

A

High morbidity, low mortality

-not host specific

27
Q

Pathophys. Of crypto

A
  • oocysts excyst following exposure to gastric acid and bile salts
  • sporozoites infect enterocytes from abomasum to colon but mostly in the SI
  • infective oocytes passed in feces
  • villous atrophy, fusion, crypt hyperplasia and inflammation –> malabsorptive diarrhea
28
Q

Peak shedding age of cryptospordium

A
  • 7-14 days (up to 1 month)

- CS usually 7 days (single infections)

29
Q

CS of crypto

A

-diarrhea, decreased appetite, dehydration

30
Q

Morbidity of crypto

A

Up to 100% of dairy calves, less than 5% of beef calves

31
Q

Dx/Tx of crypto

A
  • floatation, direct exam, acid-fast stain
  • PCR, ELISA: variable sensitivity/specificity

Tx: supportive only

32
Q

Prevent of crypto

A
  • highly resistant organism
  • practical disinfectant not available
  • environmental hygeine: calf hutches, separate feeding supplies for calves
33
Q

2 main causes of Salmonellosis

A

1) Salmonella enterical serovar Typhimurium

2) “ “ serovar Dublin

34
Q

Pathophys. Of salmonellosis

A
  • fecal-oral transmission predominates (also URT and conjunctiva)
  • invasion through M-cells, enterocytes, tonsilar lymphoid tissue and dissemination through mononuclear cells
  • distal SI, cecum, colon affected:

-causes hemorrhage, necrosis, mesenteric lymphadenopathy, pseudomembrane formation, and fibrin plugs in GB

35
Q

Age most affected by salmonellosis

A

1-4 months (as early as 3 days)

36
Q

CS and lab findings in Salmonellosis

A

CS: diarrhea +/- blood or mucus, fever, lethargy, ill thrift

Lab: hypoproteinemia, neutropenia w/ toxicity if acute, leukocytosis if chronic

High morbidity/mortality in outbreaks

37
Q

Dx/Tx/prevent of Salmonellosis

A

Dx: fecal culture, PCR
Tx: supportive, abx, NSAIDs
Prevent: environmental hygiene, biosecurity, colostrum management, +/- vaccines

38
Q

Salmonellosis risk factors

A
  • prophylactic antimicrobial use
  • co-use of maternity, hospital pens
  • open herds
39
Q

Importance of neonatal diarrhea

A

1 cause of neonatal death

-difficult to control/treat
>$120 mil/year economic impact

Ruminant Medicine Spring 2016 (18 decks)

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