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Ruminant Medicine Spring 2016 > L1: Sheep And Goat Diseases (Reuss) > Flashcards

L1: Sheep And Goat Diseases (Reuss) Flashcards

1
Q

Which are most likely to show CS from Blue tongue: sheep or goats?

A

Sheep

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2
Q

Contagious ecthyma

A
  • aka orf, soremouth
  • caused by parapox virus
  • crusting lesions of mucocutaneous jxs (mouth, nose, feet, genitalia, udders)
  • zooonotic!
  • usually self-limiting
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3
Q

Contagious ecthyma transmission, dx, tx, prevent

A

Trans: direct contact, environmental, gains entry through abrasions
Incubation period: 4 days - 2 wks
Dx: histopath, virus isolation, fluorescent Ab
Tx: supportive
Prevent: biosecurity, live virulent vaccine

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4
Q

Azalea toxicity

A

(Also laurels, rhododendron)

  • entire plant toxic
  • must eat >0.1% of BW in foliage
  • Andromedotoxin alters Na conduction –> prolonged nerve depolarization –> vomiting, brady
  • Tx: charcoal, atropine, fluids, +/- rumenotomy to empty rumen contents if severe, +/- abx for aspiration pneumonia
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5
Q

Dff and ages for diarrhea in lambs and kids**

A
  • E. Coli: 1-4 days
  • Rotavirus: 2 days-16 wks
  • Cryptosporidium parvum: 5-10 days
  • Giardia: first few weeks
  • Salmonella: any age
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6
Q

Diseases of the oral cavity

A
  • Actinobacillus ligneiressi (Woody tongue)
  • Blue tongue
  • Malignant catarrhal fever (sheep infect cattle*)
  • Vesicular stomatitis
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7
Q

Clostridium perfringens. Type C

A
  • produces alpha and beta toxin that is degraded by trypsin
  • seen in neonates less than 10 days old (because they don’t have trypsin yet)
  • can be seen in slightly older animals if they have concurrent rotavirus
  • causes neonatal hemorrhagic enterotoxemia, necrotic enteritis, acute death
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8
Q

Clostridium perfringens Type D

A
  • normal GIT inhabitant
  • produces epsilon and alpha toxin that is ACTIVATED by trypsin
  • mature animals affected
  • causes enterotoxemia, overeating dz, pulpy kidney
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9
Q

Typical hx and pathophysiology of C. Perfringens enterotoxemia

A
  • well fed rapidly growing lambs acutely deteriorate
  • pathophys: heavy grain feedings or very rich pasture; Type D toxin elaborates and is activated, epsilon toxin increases intestinal permeability –> edema of lungs, kidney, brain
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10
Q

CS of enterotoxemia

A

Sheep: lethargy, neuro signs, death, minimal diarrhea

Goats:

  • peracute (young goats): diarrhea, severe colic, fever, death
  • acute (mature goats): diarrhea, colic, dehydration
  • chronic
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11
Q

Dx of enterotoxemia

A
  • dehydration, azotemia, leukocytosis
  • hyperglycemia, glucosuria**
  • enterocolitis, pulpy kidney, hydropericardium, encephalomalacia
  • culture not helpful (found in n animals)
  • ELISA or PCR to isolate epsilon toxin
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12
Q

Tx of Enterotoxemia

A
  • IV fluids, bicarb, electrolytes
  • type C and D antitoxin (backordered)
  • NSAIDs
  • Abx (penicillin, oxytet, sulfas)
  • avoid high grain feedings
  • peracute dz has guarded prognosis
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13
Q

Vaccination for enterotoxemia

A
  • better in sheep than goats
  • CD-T vaccine provides best protection against perfringens compared to other multi-valent vaccines
  • give initial vax then booster 3-6 wks later
  • booster goats q3-4 months, sheep q6-12 months
  • booster dams 2-3 wks before parturition
  • start kids at 4-6 wks
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14
Q

Coccidiosis cause

A
  • caused by host specific Eimeria spp
  • sporulates in high moisture, moderate temps
  • oocysts survive for years
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15
Q

CS of coccidiosis

A
  • diarrhea +/- blood, mucus
  • Anorexia, dehydration, weakness, rough haircoat, weight loss, rectal prolapse, death
  • scarring of mucosa –> chronic poor growth
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16
Q

Coccidiosis common in what age small ruminants?

A

1-4 months, >7 years

  • stressed animals
  • dz of confinement
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17
Q

Dx/Tx/prevention of coccidiosis

A

Dx: direct smear, fecal flotation
Tx: coccidiostats (sulfadimethoxine, amprolium); resistance a problem
Prevent: monensin, lasolocid, amprolium, decoquinate

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18
Q

Most significant clinical dz of SR?

A

Haemonchus contortus (barberpole worm)

  • comprises 75-100% of total fecal nematode eggs
  • sucks 1 drop of blood/day
  • produces 1,000-6,000 eggs/day
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19
Q

PPP of haemonchus contortus?

A

4-5 weeks

  • can survive 180d on grass
  • takes 3 weeks from ingestion to eggs being released in feces
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20
Q

Haemonchus lifecycle

A

1) L3 ingested by goat on grass
2) molts to L4 and matures to adult in abomasum
3) 3 weeks later: eggs in feces

  • can have arrested development in poor conditions
  • can live 4-6 months inside host
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21
Q

Conditions haemonchus likes?

A

Warm, moist

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22
Q

CS of haemonchus

A
  • poor growth/production
  • weight loss
  • diarrhea
  • anemia
  • hypoproteinemia (edema, bottlejaw, ascites)
  • death
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23
Q

Dx of haemonchus

A
  • McMaster’s Quantitative Fecal Egg Count (>750 epg clinically relevant)
  • larval culture
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24
Q

90% of farms resistant to which dewormers

A

Albendazole

Ivermectin

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25
Q

> 50% farms resistant to

A

Moxidectin (48% resistant to albendazole and ivermectin also)

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26
Q

Refugia

A

Portion of parasite population not exposed to a drug

  • most important factor in how quickly resistance develops
  • supplied by stages not affected by tx, animals not treated, and free-living stages
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27
Q

DrenchRite test

A

Evaluates resistance to all classes of dewormers

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28
Q

Anthelmintic resistance measured by:

A
  • CS in treated animals
  • Fecal egg count reduction test
  • DrenchRite test
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29
Q

FAMACHA: who and when to check

A
  • weekly during wet periods
  • q2-3 wks early during season
  • q4-6 wks when cool, dry season
  • check every goat then do random sampling
30
Q

Benefits of FAMACHA

A
  • reduces tx and drug costs
  • increases labor costs (downside)
  • insures adequate refugia
  • scores heritable
31
Q

Smart drenching guidelines

A
  • administer proper dose
  • administer drug properly (fast for 12-24 hrs beforehand, use drenching gun, put on dry lot for 3 days post-tx)
  • utilize environmental management (pasture management, mixed livestock species grazing)
  • biosecurity
32
Q

Alternative therapies for Haemonchus

A
  • Copper oxide wire particles (very effective in sheep, however caution for copper toxicity)
  • condensed tannin-containing forages (Sericea lespedeza; tannins bind to and damage cuticle)
  • nematode-trapping fungi (parasitizes the worm larvae in feces; must feed daily)
  • genetic management (cull high FAMACHAs, monitor FECs)
  • nutrition (protein supplementation)
  • diatomaceous earth (doesn’t work!)
  • herbal
  • vaccination
33
Q

Transfusion triggers

A
  • tachycardia, recumbency

- PCV

34
Q

Transfusion equation

A

(Desired PCV-patient PCV) x (0.08x BW). /donor PCV

35
Q

Cause of caseous lymphadenitis

A

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis

(G+ intracellular coccobacillus)

  • produces exotoxin phospholipase**
  • survives in dark damp manure
  • shed for 37 days after rupture
  • ovine/caprine biotype
36
Q

CS of caseous lymphadenitis

A
  • abscesses in skin and LN: green/cream non-fetid pasty pus

- visceral dissemination (sheep > goats) to lung, abdomen, CNS, mammary gland

37
Q

Dx/Tx/Prevent of Caseous Lymphadenitis

A

Dx: serology (low specificity), culture
Tx: isolate, lance and flush, sx removal, or closed system lavage, with systemic abx
Prevent: cull, disinfect shearing equipment, vaccinate with bacterin toxin (decreases severity only)

38
Q

Pathophys. Of pregnancy toxemia

A

Insufficient energy density + decreased rumen capacity –> Negative energy balance during late pregnancy most commonly.

  • The liver increases gluconeogenesis to facilitate glucose availability to the fetuses.
  • Increased fat mobilization can –> hepatic lipidosis
  • inadequate nutritional intake –> less responsive to insulin
  • difficulty clearing ketone bodies in the liver –> ketosis
39
Q

Risk factors for preg tox

A
  • decline in nutritional plane
  • multiple fetuses
  • overconditioned in early gestation
  • concurrent dz
40
Q

CS of preg tox

A
  • late gestation
  • anorexia
  • depression, separation from herd
  • tremors, star-gazing, ataxia, recumbency
  • odor of ketones
41
Q

Dx of preg tox

A
  • ketonuria, proteinuria
  • ketonemia (beta-hydroxybutyrate, which isn’t picked up on test strip)
  • metabolic acidosis
  • hypoCa, hypoK, hypoglycemia
  • azotemia
  • inc. liver enzymes
42
Q

Tx of preg tox.

A
  • decide to save dam or feti
  • immediate C-section to save dam or induce labor to save feti
  • medical management risky for everyone
43
Q

Normal rumen chloride in cows:***

A

Less than 32

44
Q

How does Caseous lymphadenitis spread?

A
  • Entry: intact or broken skin, inhalation, mm, fomites, direct transmission
  • spreads via lymphatics to LN, internal organs
  • incubation period = 3 wks to 6 mos.
45
Q

Tx of preg. Tox.

A
  • restore energy balance by feeding energy dense feed, propylene glycol, transfaunation, IV glucose, insulin, correct Ca/K
  • remove feti
46
Q

Prevention of preg tox

A
  • feed based on number of fetuses
  • ionophores, niacin (helps with feed efficiency)
  • decrease stress
  • shear sheep in last trimester (induce shivering and insulin sensitivity)
  • monitor serum BHB
47
Q

Pathophys. Of hepatic lipidosis

A
  • increased FFA mobilization, TG production overwhelms ability to package into VLDLs –> TG deposited in liver
  • insulin resistance perpetuates (insulin normally decreases fat mobilization)
  • sequela to preg tox
48
Q

Dx of hepatic lipidosis

A
  • liver enzymes (unreliable), AST >100
  • NEFAs >1000 if lactating, >350 if peripartum
  • ketonuria
  • U/S
  • liver biopsy (will float)
49
Q

Tx of hepatic lipidosis

A

Corticosteroids (short term)

Vit. E, selenium, glucagon

50
Q

Causes of pseudopregnancy

A
  • hydrometra, mucometra

- prolonged luteal phase

51
Q

Pseudopregnancy common in what animals?

A

Adult dairy goats (3-5%)

52
Q

CS of pseudopregnancy

A

-udder development, bloody vaginal discharge, anestrus, behavioral signs

53
Q

Dx/tx of pseudopregnancy

A

Dx: U/S, progesterone lvls increased
Tx: PGF2-alpha

54
Q

Causes of inappropriate lactation

A
  • pseudopregnancy
  • self suckling
  • estrogenic compounds
55
Q

Dx of mastitis

A
  • PE
  • California mastitis test
  • culture
56
Q

Common bacterial causes of mastitis

A
  • coliforms
  • listeria
  • M. Haemolytica (sheep)
  • Staph aureus
  • Staph epidermidis, intermedius, caprae, hyicus
  • Pseudomonas
  • Strep agalactiae, zooepidemicus, etc.
57
Q

Tx of mastitis

A

Intramammary cephapirin, ceftiofur, pirlimycin, penicillin (caution with drug withdrawals*)

Systemically: frequent stripping, flunixin meglumine

58
Q

Gangrenous mastitis

A

Aka “bluebag”

  • caused by staph aureus, coliforms
  • tx: systemic abx, supportive care, mastectomy, teat amputation, chemical sterilization
59
Q

Common multisystemic diseases of SR

A

Mycoplasma
Chlamydia
Ovine Progressive Pneumonia (OPP)
Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis (CAE)

60
Q

CS of mycoplasma

A
  • mastitis: green/yellow with granular sediment
  • pneumonia
  • neutrophilic fibrinous polyarthritis
  • KCS
  • peritonitis, pericarditis
61
Q

Dx/Tx/Prevent of mycoplasma

A

Dx: PCR, serology (difficult to grow in culture)
Tx: tulathromycin, florfenicol, oxytetracycline
Prevent: pasteurize colostrum, milk, cull carriers

  • may continue to be carriers
  • 80-90% morbidity and mortality
62
Q

Chlamydia common in what population?

A

Feedlot lambs

-caused by Chlamydophila pecorum

63
Q

CS of chlamydia

A
  • fever
  • pneumonia
  • polyarthritis
  • KCS
  • abortion

-dz course 10-14 days

64
Q

Dx/Tx of Chlamydia

A

Dx: PCR, inclusion bodies, fluorescent Ab tests, CF titers

Tx: oxytetracycline, erythromycin, tylosin, isolation

65
Q

Ovine Progressive Pneumonia caused by what virus? How transmitted?

A

Lentivirus

  • causes lifelong infection of mononucs
  • long incubation period
  • direct or milk transmission
66
Q

CS of OPP

A
  • progressive joint swelling
  • pneumonia
  • aseptic mastitis “hard bag”
  • thin ewe syndrome
67
Q

Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis (CAE) caused by what virus? How transmitted?

A

Retrovirus

  • causes lifelong infection of mononucs
  • direct, vertical, or milk transmission
68
Q

CS of CAE

A
  • often subclinical
  • chronic polyarthritis
  • leukoencephalomyelitis in kids
  • interstitial pneumonia
  • mastitis
  • asymptomatic
69
Q

Dx/Tx/Prevent of CAE

A

Dx: serology, AGID, ELISA, PCR, mononuclear inflammation in synovial fluid

Tx: none
Prevent: pasteurized colostrum/milk infected animals

70
Q

Toxic dose of lidocaine in ruminants

A

10 mg/kg

71
Q

Toxic dose of xylazine in SR

A

0.2 mg/kg (1 mg/10 lbs)

Ruminant Medicine Spring 2016 (18 decks)

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