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Ruminant Medicine Spring 2016 > L3: Camelid Medicine Pt.2 (Mallicote) > Flashcards

L3: Camelid Medicine Pt.2 (Mallicote) Flashcards

1
Q

Additional diagnostics for the down camelid

A
  • CSF tap
  • M. Haemo PCR
  • bone marrow
  • U/S
  • Rads
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2
Q

Sedation of camelids

A
  1. 1-0.3 mg/kg Xylazine IV, IM, or SC

0. 03-0.1 mg/kg butorphanol IV, IM, or SC

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3
Q

Differentials for down camelid

A 
Heat stress
Neuro dz (EEE, WNV, trauma, abscess, EHV, P. Tenuis, otitis, etc.)
MS dz
Anemia (parasites, M. Haemo)
GI disease (Colic)
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4
Q

Risk factors for heat stress

A
  • black animal/full fiber
  • high concentrate diets
  • young pregnant and lactating animals
  • transport, shows, stress
  • hot temps/humidity
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5
Q

Thermal window

A

Relatively fiberless area along ventral abdomen that allows for evaporation and heat loss

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6
Q

Consequences of heat stress

A 
Circulatory system: high HR, reduced clotting, low proteins
Neuro: cell death
Resp: pulm. Edema
GI: decreased blood flow to GI
Repro: scrotal swelling, reduced fertility
CV: peripheral vasodilation
Urinary: reduced BF to KID
Muscle damage: recumbancy, high CKs
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7
Q

Neurologic diseases in camelids

A
  • viral
  • bacterial
  • P. Tenuis
  • traumatic
  • Polioencephalomalacia
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8
Q

Viral neurologic diseases

A

EEE
WNV
EHV
Rabies

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9
Q

Dx of EEE in camelids

A
  • may have increased protein or cells on spinal fluid
  • no consistent bloodwork abnormalities
  • Dx: PCR, IHC on CNS tissues, serology on serum
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10
Q

WNV in camelids

A
  • causes a sporadic fatal nonsuppurative meningoencephalitis
  • CS: depression, anorexia, fever, recumbency, opisthotonus, head tremors, dec. proprioception, altered mental state
  • Dx: CSF has high TP and nucleated cells
  • Prevent: vaccinate (3 doses)
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11
Q

EHV-1 in camelids

A
  • causes vitritis, retinitis, optic neuritis, severe neuro signs
  • clinical incidence very LOW in cases exposed to horses
  • routine vaccine NOT recommended
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12
Q

Bacterial neuro diseases in camelids

A
  • otitis media/interna**
  • meningitis
  • vertebral/brain abscessation
  • listeriosis
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13
Q

Otitis interna/media in camelids

A
  • Most common causes: Arcanobacter pyogenes, Staph spp, Bacillus spp.
  • CS: head tilt +/- facial n. Deficits
  • Dx: CT (best), rads
  • Tx: long term abx, bulla osteotomy
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14
Q

Parelaphostrongylus tenius general chars.

A
  • Aka meningeal worm (nematode parasite)
  • causes dz in aberrant hosts (elk, moose, llamas, alpacas, goats)
  • uncommon in FL**
  • L3 larvae in snails ingested and penetrate GIT, migrate to spinal cord
  • Oct-March worst
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15
Q

CS/Dx of P. Tenius

A
  • wide-based hind limb stance and ataxia +/- recumbency
  • can look like anything
  • may see eos and increased CSF protein
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16
Q

Prevent/Tx. Of P. Tenuis**

A

Prevent: Ivermectin q4-6wks, or doramectin q2 months

Tx: Fenbendazole 50 mg/kg PO SID for 5 days**, banamine SID for 3-5 days, supportive care (thiamine, physical therapy, fluids, vit. E)

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17
Q

Initial diagnostics for the down camelid

A
  • PE (heat stress? M/S problem?)
  • Neuro exam (P. Tenuis? Trauma?)
  • Lab work (anemia? Metabolic?)
  • Fecal exam (parasites?)
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18
Q

Polioencephalomalacia

A
  • acute onset of blindness and depression assoc. with dietary changes and excessive carbs
  • tx: thiamine, supportive care
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19
Q

Mycoplasma haemolamae general chars.

A
  • small bacterium that lives on RBCs and destroys RBCs
  • may be seen on cytology
  • often a 2ary problem
20
Q

CS of Mycoplasma haemolamae

A
  • usually asymptomatic mild anemia
  • few animals develop significant anemia and ill-thrift
  • those that don’t clear infection can be carriers
21
Q

Tx tips for down camelids

A

-target cause
-shear if suspect heat stress
-supportive care
-IV fluids
-abx if suspect infection or down long time
-banamine
+/- transfusion
-fenbendazole
-ponazuril
-moxidectin if severe parasites

22
Q

GI diseases in SACs

A 
Choke 
Megaesophagus
C3 ulceration
Colic
Diarrheal disease
23
Q

Causes of choke

A

“Bolting” feed
Poor dentition
Megaesophagus
FB (rare)

24
Q

Causes of megaesophagus

A

1) congenital
2) acquired:
- neuromuscular disorder
- 2ary to other GI disease
- metabolic disorder
- organophosphate toxicity
- vitamin/mineral deficiency

25
Q

Dx and Tx of choke

A

Dx:

  • orogastric intubation
  • dental exam
  • rads w/contrast
  • esophagoscopy

Tx:

  • sedation
  • orogastric intubation
  • abx
  • anti-inflammatories
  • IV fluids
26
Q

Sequelae of choke

A
  • dehydration
  • aspiration pneumonia
  • esophageal ulceration or tear (stricture may develop)
27
Q

Prevention of choke

A
  • ensure proper dentition
  • slow feed intake
  • feed competitive eaters separately
  • feed in elevated tubes
  • ensure balanced diet
28
Q

3rd compartment ulcers: predisposing factors

A
  • stress
  • systemic disease
  • high grain diet
  • NSAIDs?
  • anorexia?
29
Q

Tx of 3rd compartment ulcers

A
  • Ranitidine
  • IV omeprazole
  • Pantoprazole
30
Q

Causes of colic in camelids

A

1) GI:
- hairballs
- enteritis/colitis
- strangulated intestine
- feed impactions (rare)
- gas (rare)

2) Peritonitis
3) Urogenital:
- uterine torsion, urethral blockage, kidney dz, ruptured bladder
4) Liver disease
5) Neoplasia
6) Toxins - slaframine

31
Q

Enteritis causes/pathophys.

A

Eimeria Macusaniensis invades through SI mucosa –> severe inflammation, decreased motility –> fluid pooling –> distended intestines –> bacteria can cross intestinal lining

  • Salmonella, Clostridium other causes
  • most cases have no identified cause
32
Q

Life cycle/transmission of Eimeria in camelids

A
  • Direct life cycle
  • fecal/oral transmission
  • oocysts shed in feces
  • animals may shed oocysts without CS
  • E. Mac has widespread geographic distr.
  • PPP = 32-36 days
33
Q

Prevalence of E. Mac highest in what age group of camelids?

A
34
Q

CS of E. Mac

A

-lethargy, anorexia, weight loss, sudden death, colic, low protein, diarrhea, etc.

35
Q

Dx of E. Mac

A
  • detect in feces (requires media with high specific gravity)
  • suggestive CS
  • majority of intestinal damage occurs before oocysts are seen in feces*
  • hypoproteinemia, hypoNa
  • high potential to be missed
  • small intestinal biopsy
  • PCR (not commercially available)
36
Q

Tx/prevent of E. Mac

A
  • clean facilities
  • strategic use of coccidiostats for prevention
  • isolate clinically affected animals
  • sulfadimethoxine, ponazuril, toltrazuril
  • diarrhea can persist after tx ends until lining repairs
37
Q

When to do an ex lap

A
  • tx of forestomach diseases and large intestinal diseases
  • fair for tx of SI diseases
  • duration of signs has a negative impact on prognosis
  • poor prognosis with bezoar in jejunum
  • risky to do in the field
38
Q

Contagious causes of diarrhea

A
  • BVDV
  • Coronavirus
  • Rotavirus
  • Salmonella sp.
  • Johne’s dz
  • Eimeria mac.
  • Roundworms
  • Crypto
  • Giardia
39
Q

Infectious causes of diarrhea

A
  • clostridium
  • sepsis
  • peritonitis
  • E. Coli
40
Q

Non-infectious causes of diarrhea

A
  • Grain OL
  • systemic dz
  • liver failure
  • IBD
  • neoplasia
  • dietary
41
Q

Clinical syndromes of BVDV

A
  • diarrhea
  • resp. Dz
  • immunosuppression
  • repro dz: abortion, congenital abnormalities, poor fertility
42
Q

How does BVDV spread?

A
  • direct contact

- persistently infected animals are source of virus for a herd

43
Q

Dx of BVDV

A

Whole blood:

  • Virus isolation
  • PCR
  • ELISA

Skin biopsy:

  • IHC
  • PCR
  • ELISA

ID PI animals

44
Q

Johne’s disease caused by what organism

A

Mycobacterium avium sbsp paratuberculosis

45
Q

Camelids are prone to sepsis with GI disturbances

A

:)

46
Q

Chars. Of Johne’s dz in camelids

A
  • RARE
  • CS: chronic wasting, diarrhea, lethargy, edema
  • avg. age onset: 1 year
  • dx can be a challenge (fecal culture, RT-PCR, AGID, ELISA)

Ruminant Medicine Spring 2016 (18 decks)

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