L3: Camelid Medicine Pt.2 (Mallicote) Flashcards
Additional diagnostics for the down camelid
- CSF tap
- M. Haemo PCR
- bone marrow
- U/S
- Rads
Sedation of camelids
- 1-0.3 mg/kg Xylazine IV, IM, or SC
0. 03-0.1 mg/kg butorphanol IV, IM, or SC
Differentials for down camelid
Heat stress Neuro dz (EEE, WNV, trauma, abscess, EHV, P. Tenuis, otitis, etc.) MS dz Anemia (parasites, M. Haemo) GI disease (Colic)
Risk factors for heat stress
- black animal/full fiber
- high concentrate diets
- young pregnant and lactating animals
- transport, shows, stress
- hot temps/humidity
Thermal window
Relatively fiberless area along ventral abdomen that allows for evaporation and heat loss
Consequences of heat stress
Circulatory system: high HR, reduced clotting, low proteins Neuro: cell death Resp: pulm. Edema GI: decreased blood flow to GI Repro: scrotal swelling, reduced fertility CV: peripheral vasodilation Urinary: reduced BF to KID Muscle damage: recumbancy, high CKs
Neurologic diseases in camelids
- viral
- bacterial
- P. Tenuis
- traumatic
- Polioencephalomalacia
Viral neurologic diseases
EEE
WNV
EHV
Rabies
Dx of EEE in camelids
- may have increased protein or cells on spinal fluid
- no consistent bloodwork abnormalities
- Dx: PCR, IHC on CNS tissues, serology on serum
WNV in camelids
- causes a sporadic fatal nonsuppurative meningoencephalitis
- CS: depression, anorexia, fever, recumbency, opisthotonus, head tremors, dec. proprioception, altered mental state
- Dx: CSF has high TP and nucleated cells
- Prevent: vaccinate (3 doses)
EHV-1 in camelids
- causes vitritis, retinitis, optic neuritis, severe neuro signs
- clinical incidence very LOW in cases exposed to horses
- routine vaccine NOT recommended
Bacterial neuro diseases in camelids
- otitis media/interna**
- meningitis
- vertebral/brain abscessation
- listeriosis
Otitis interna/media in camelids
- Most common causes: Arcanobacter pyogenes, Staph spp, Bacillus spp.
- CS: head tilt +/- facial n. Deficits
- Dx: CT (best), rads
- Tx: long term abx, bulla osteotomy
Parelaphostrongylus tenius general chars.
- Aka meningeal worm (nematode parasite)
- causes dz in aberrant hosts (elk, moose, llamas, alpacas, goats)
- uncommon in FL**
- L3 larvae in snails ingested and penetrate GIT, migrate to spinal cord
- Oct-March worst
CS/Dx of P. Tenius
- wide-based hind limb stance and ataxia +/- recumbency
- can look like anything
- may see eos and increased CSF protein
Prevent/Tx. Of P. Tenuis**
Prevent: Ivermectin q4-6wks, or doramectin q2 months
Tx: Fenbendazole 50 mg/kg PO SID for 5 days**, banamine SID for 3-5 days, supportive care (thiamine, physical therapy, fluids, vit. E)
Initial diagnostics for the down camelid
- PE (heat stress? M/S problem?)
- Neuro exam (P. Tenuis? Trauma?)
- Lab work (anemia? Metabolic?)
- Fecal exam (parasites?)
Polioencephalomalacia
- acute onset of blindness and depression assoc. with dietary changes and excessive carbs
- tx: thiamine, supportive care
Mycoplasma haemolamae general chars.
- small bacterium that lives on RBCs and destroys RBCs
- may be seen on cytology
- often a 2ary problem
CS of Mycoplasma haemolamae
- usually asymptomatic mild anemia
- few animals develop significant anemia and ill-thrift
- those that don’t clear infection can be carriers
Tx tips for down camelids
-target cause
-shear if suspect heat stress
-supportive care
-IV fluids
-abx if suspect infection or down long time
-banamine
+/- transfusion
-fenbendazole
-ponazuril
-moxidectin if severe parasites
GI diseases in SACs
Choke Megaesophagus C3 ulceration Colic Diarrheal disease
Causes of choke
“Bolting” feed
Poor dentition
Megaesophagus
FB (rare)
Causes of megaesophagus
1) congenital
2) acquired:
- neuromuscular disorder
- 2ary to other GI disease
- metabolic disorder
- organophosphate toxicity
- vitamin/mineral deficiency
Dx and Tx of choke
Dx:
- orogastric intubation
- dental exam
- rads w/contrast
- esophagoscopy
Tx:
- sedation
- orogastric intubation
- abx
- anti-inflammatories
- IV fluids
Sequelae of choke
- dehydration
- aspiration pneumonia
- esophageal ulceration or tear (stricture may develop)
Prevention of choke
- ensure proper dentition
- slow feed intake
- feed competitive eaters separately
- feed in elevated tubes
- ensure balanced diet
3rd compartment ulcers: predisposing factors
- stress
- systemic disease
- high grain diet
- NSAIDs?
- anorexia?
Tx of 3rd compartment ulcers
- Ranitidine
- IV omeprazole
- Pantoprazole
Causes of colic in camelids
1) GI:
- hairballs
- enteritis/colitis
- strangulated intestine
- feed impactions (rare)
- gas (rare)
2) Peritonitis
3) Urogenital:
- uterine torsion, urethral blockage, kidney dz, ruptured bladder
4) Liver disease
5) Neoplasia
6) Toxins - slaframine
Enteritis causes/pathophys.
Eimeria Macusaniensis invades through SI mucosa –> severe inflammation, decreased motility –> fluid pooling –> distended intestines –> bacteria can cross intestinal lining
- Salmonella, Clostridium other causes
- most cases have no identified cause
Life cycle/transmission of Eimeria in camelids
- Direct life cycle
- fecal/oral transmission
- oocysts shed in feces
- animals may shed oocysts without CS
- E. Mac has widespread geographic distr.
- PPP = 32-36 days
Prevalence of E. Mac highest in what age group of camelids?
CS of E. Mac
-lethargy, anorexia, weight loss, sudden death, colic, low protein, diarrhea, etc.
Dx of E. Mac
- detect in feces (requires media with high specific gravity)
- suggestive CS
- majority of intestinal damage occurs before oocysts are seen in feces*
- hypoproteinemia, hypoNa
- high potential to be missed
- small intestinal biopsy
- PCR (not commercially available)
Tx/prevent of E. Mac
- clean facilities
- strategic use of coccidiostats for prevention
- isolate clinically affected animals
- sulfadimethoxine, ponazuril, toltrazuril
- diarrhea can persist after tx ends until lining repairs
When to do an ex lap
- tx of forestomach diseases and large intestinal diseases
- fair for tx of SI diseases
- duration of signs has a negative impact on prognosis
- poor prognosis with bezoar in jejunum
- risky to do in the field
Contagious causes of diarrhea
- BVDV
- Coronavirus
- Rotavirus
- Salmonella sp.
- Johne’s dz
- Eimeria mac.
- Roundworms
- Crypto
- Giardia
Infectious causes of diarrhea
- clostridium
- sepsis
- peritonitis
- E. Coli
Non-infectious causes of diarrhea
- Grain OL
- systemic dz
- liver failure
- IBD
- neoplasia
- dietary
Clinical syndromes of BVDV
- diarrhea
- resp. Dz
- immunosuppression
- repro dz: abortion, congenital abnormalities, poor fertility
How does BVDV spread?
- direct contact
- persistently infected animals are source of virus for a herd
Dx of BVDV
Whole blood:
- Virus isolation
- PCR
- ELISA
Skin biopsy:
- IHC
- PCR
- ELISA
ID PI animals
Johne’s disease caused by what organism
Mycobacterium avium sbsp paratuberculosis
Camelids are prone to sepsis with GI disturbances
:)
Chars. Of Johne’s dz in camelids
- RARE
- CS: chronic wasting, diarrhea, lethargy, edema
- avg. age onset: 1 year
- dx can be a challenge (fecal culture, RT-PCR, AGID, ELISA)
