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Ruminant Medicine Spring 2016 > L2: Camelid Medicine Pt.1 (Mallicote) > Flashcards

L2: Camelid Medicine Pt.1 (Mallicote) Flashcards

1
Q

Adult male camelid

A

Macho

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2
Q

2 types of alpaca

A

Huacaya

Suri (more valuable)

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3
Q

3 compartments of camelids (pseudo-ruminants)

A

C1: 83% by volume of stomach contents
C2: 6% volume; intermixes with C1
C3: true stomach, has tubular structure. First 3/4 is glandular, last 1/4 is acid secreting

  • C1 and C2 secrete bicarbonate to buffer pH in C1
  • C1 should have 3-4 contractions per minute**
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4
Q

Anatomical anomalies of camelids compared to other ruminants

A
  • small elliptical RBCs
  • foot has toenails and soft pad
  • liver is in R abdomen
  • NO GALL BLADDER*
  • spiral colon
  • elongated soft palate; primarily nasal breathers*
  • induced ovulators, no estrus cycle
  • diffuse placenta
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5
Q

Normal cria vitals

A

T: 99-102
HR: 60-100
RR: 10-40

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6
Q

Normal adult camelid vitals

A

T: 99-102.5
HR: 60-80
RR: 20-30

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7
Q

Swellings under jaw most likely due to

A

Tooth abscesses

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8
Q

History of choke most likely due to

A

Megaesophagus

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9
Q

Normal WBC count for camelids

A

5,000 to 25,000 cells/ul (high)

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10
Q

Na, Cl, and bicarb compared to other ruminants

A

Na and Cl often higher

Bicarb can be lower

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11
Q

Adult fluid maintenance requirement

A

30-40 ml/kg/day

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12
Q

Vaccinations for camelids

A
  • NONE approved
  • Clostridium C/D and tetanus are recommended
  • Rabies recommended regionally
  • others: EEE, WNV, 7 way Clostridial
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13
Q

General deworming guidelines

A
  • fecal float with Stoll’s technique rec.
  • resistant parasites emerging in SE
  • use FAMACHA
  • use Ponazuril for Eimeria macusamiensis
  • use Ivermectin, Fenbendazole, Levamisole, or Moxidectin PO for haemonchus and other GI parasites
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14
Q

Normal camelid gestation

A

330-360 days

*very susceptible to stress-related abortions

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15
Q

How long do stages of labor last?

A

1: 2-6 hrs
2:

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16
Q

Epidermal membrane

A

Opaque membrane covering the surface of the fetal body, head, neck, and limbs in the near full term fetus (unique to camelids)

17
Q

When should you intervene with retained placenta?

A

If still retained at 6 hrs after birth

18
Q

First events for a cria (timeline)

A 
Sternal: 5-15 mins
Standing: 1-2 hrs
Nursing: 2-4 hrs
Urinate: 6-18 hrs
Meconium: 12-24 hrs
19
Q

Umbilical care

A

Treat with dilute chlorhexidine q6-8 hrs for first day of life

20
Q

Adult female camelid

A

Hembra

21
Q

GI closure occurs how long after birth?

A

6-8 hrs

*early recognition of failure of passive transfer is crucial

22
Q

How much colostrum should crias consume?

A

5% of body weight in first 6 hours

10% of BW in first 10-20 hours

Goat or cow colostrum may be used if llama or alpaca unavailable

23
Q

Gold standard for IgG measurement**

A

RID

-adequate IgG is at least 1,000 mg/dl

24
Q

Other measures of passive transfer besides IgG

A

Serum TP
>5.5 g/dl is probably adequate

If inadequate, can give IV or IP plasma at 15-25 ml/kg

25
Q

Complications of giving IV plasma to crias

A
  • rapid breathing
  • anaphylaxis
  • difficult catheterization
  • rapid breathing
  • death
26
Q

Complications of giving IP plasma to crias

A
  • abd cramping
  • colic
  • adhesions
  • punctured bladder or intestine
  • went SC instead of IP
27
Q

Signs of prematurity in crias

A
  • low birth weight
  • weak, weak suckle
  • abnormal mentation
  • floppy ears
  • incisors not erupted
  • silky fine coat
  • poor thermoreg.
28
Q

When to intervene with premature crias

A
  • weak, unable to stand
  • hasn’t nursed in 3-4 hrs
  • no colostrum, no meconium passed
  • hypothermia or fever
  • diarrhea >12-24 hrs
29
Q

What percent of crias suffer from some disease condition between birth and weaning?

A

36%

30
Q

Choanal atresia in crias

A

Congenital defect that results in blockage of airflow through nasal passages

CS: open mouth breathing, not nursing well, puffy cheeks
Dx: pass a soft catheter up each nostril: will stop at level of medial canthus of eye; confirm with contrast rads
Tx: sx (not usually recommended)

31
Q

Dx of sepsis in crias

A

CS: fever or hypothermia, hypoglycemia, signs of localizing infection

Confirm dx with blood culture

Crias do NOT always have changes in bloodwork or on PE

32
Q

Tx of sepsis

A
  • treat failure of passive transfer with plasma, colostrum
  • broad spectrum abx (Naxcel, Penicillin, Amikacin)
  • IV fluids, oxygen, supportive care
  • correct dehydration, address hypoglycemia
33
Q

IV fluid rate in (septic) qcrias

A

80-100 ml/kg/day (much higher than adults)

34
Q

Complications of sepsis

A
  • pneumonia
  • diarrhea
  • umbilical infection
  • joint sepsis
  • liver abscesses or kidney failure
35
Q

Bacterial organisms in sepsis

A
  • E. Coli most common
  • Enterococcus, Listeria, and Citrobacter
  • other: staph aureus, strep, actinobacillus, klebsiella
  • salmonella less common than in foals
36
Q

Prognosis of septic crias

A
  • guarded (improves early intervention)

- tx for 2 wks indicated if blood culture positive

Ruminant Medicine Spring 2016 (18 decks)

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