L8: Ruminant non-diarrheal GI Disease Pt.2 (Sanchez) Flashcards
Predisposing factors of abomasal ulceration
- stress
- concurrent dz
- NSAID therapy
Abomasal erosion distribution in calves
Near pylorus, and less commonly in the fundus
Clinical/lab signs of BLEEDING, NON-PERFORATED ulceration
- chronic focal abd pain
- pale mm, tachycardia, weakness, cool extremities
- anemia, hypoproteinemia
- dark tarry feces
- reduced feed intake
- bruxism (sign of pain/discomfort)
CS of PERFORATED abomasal ulcers
- similar to hardwear dz (TRP)
- focal or generalized peritonitis
- anorexia, fever, rumen stasis, focal abd pain, bruxism
Dx of abomasal ulceration
- Hx
- PE findings
- peritoneal tap
- CBC: leukocytosis, leukopenia (peritonitis) or anemia (Blood loss)
Tx of abomasal ulceration
-good quality forage, no concentrate
-stall confinement
-anti-acid drugs in pre-ruminant calves
+/- blood transfusion
+/- abx if perforated
Prognosis of abomasal ulceration
Poor if perforated
Good if bleeding as long as kept quiet and managed without too much stress
Abomasal impaction rare/common in beef/dairy cattle?
Beef: common (usually primary due to poor quality roughage, inadequate water intake)
Dairy: rare (usually secondary to vagal indigestion)
Dx/Tx/Prognosis of abomasal impaction
Dx: exploratory laparotomy
Tx: abomasotomy via right paracostal
Prognosis: reasonable if primary, poor if secondary (vagal indigestion)
2 main categories of colic in ruminants
Peritonitis
Obstructive diseases
Causes of peritonitis –> colic
Traumatic perf Visceral rupture Abscess formation/rupture Iatrogenic Misc: fat necrosis
CS/Tx/Prog of peritonitis
CS: Similar to TRP (hardware dz)
Tx: same as TRP
Prognosis: fairly good for mild, localized cases; poor for long-standing generalized cases
Sequelae: adhesions, vagal indigestion
2 types of intestinal obstruction
1) Strangulating (volvulus, intussusception)
2) Non-strangulating:
- extraluminal (pregnancy, fat necrosis)
- intraluminal (bezoars, HBS)
- ileus
CS/Dx/Tx of intestinal obstruction
CS: abd pain, anorexia, dec. fecal output, tenesmus with blood
Dx: rectal (feeling small bowel is abnormal), US +/ ab tap
Tx: laparotomy
Intussusception can present like abomasal outflow obstruction
Intestinal atresia or stenosis
- Can be hereditary or non-hereditary
- Hereditary: rectal, anal, jejunal atresia in Jerseys
- Not hereditary: colonic atresia
- Surgical correction not usually feasible or warranted
- Can do barium enima for dx
Intussception Presentation, CS, Dx
- Rare in ruminants (esp. In goats/sheep)
- large or SI in calves
- usually assoc. with intraluminal mass in adults
CS: colic, depression, dehydration
Rectal Exam: SI distention, +/- firm mass
2 types of Volvulus in ruminants
2 types:
1) mesenteric root volvulus
- extremely painful
- rapidly progressive abd distention
- tachycardia, tachypnia, dehydration
- rapid clinical deterioration
2) Segmental SI volvulus
- similar CS, but more slowly progressive and not as painful
Dx/tx of volvulus
Rectal: SI distention
Tx: immediate sx intervention
Chars. Of cecal dilatation +/- volvulus
- caused by cecal fermentation
- commonly confused w/ RDA
- Dx: PE, rectal, R-sided ping
- Tx: dilatation only –> conservative; voluvulus requires sx
Most common Neoplastic GI disorders in ruminants
Abomasal lymphosarcoma
Mesenteric fat necrosis physiology
- inflamm. Response to degenerating adipose cells
- more common in Channel Island breeds, Japanese black cattle
- feeding increased long chain saturated FA
- typically >2 yrs old
CS/Dx/Tx of Mesenteric fat necrosis
CS: similar to intestinal obstructions; hard gritty masses in abd, weight loss, anorexia, diarrhea
Dx: dec. serum cholesterol, inc. FFA
Tx usually not warranted
Phys. Of Hemorrhagic bowel syndrome
- most common in adult dairy cattle
- causes acute severe hemorrhage into the SI –> large intraluminal clots –> bowel obstruction
- assoc. with C. Perfringens type A
Herd level factors of hemorrhagic bowel syndrome
- large herd size, administration of BST
- use of [MUN] for ration composition
- pasture turnout protective for smaller herds (a problem on bigger dairy farms)
CS/Dx/Tx/Prog. Of Hemorrhagic bowel syndrome
CS: blood loss, obstruction, sudden death
Dx: intraluminal blood clot
Tx: supportive
Prog: poor to grave
Most common signalment of abomasal ulceration:
Intensively reared calves (usually right after weaning) Adult cattle (first 6 wks after calving)
