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Ruminant Medicine Spring 2016 > L12: BLV And Anaplasma (Donovan) > Flashcards

L12: BLV And Anaplasma (Donovan) Flashcards

1
Q

3 forms of “SPORADIC” Bovine LSA**

A

1) Calf/Juvenile form
- generalized lymphadenopathy in calves and young heifers
2) Thymic/Adolescent form
- thymic involvement in 6-24 mo. Heifers
3) Cutaneous form
- multiple cutaneous lesions in young cattle (

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2
Q

Forms of Bovine LSA

A 
Sporadic
Multicentric
Cardiac
Abomasal
Uterine
Other (eyes, spinal cord)
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3
Q

Multicentric LSA: CS

A
  • enlarged peripheral LN, esp. Internal iliac and/or subaortic
  • dyspnea and/or bloat if thoracic LN involved
  • enlarged internal LN
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4
Q

CS of Cardiac LSA

A

-occasionally see CHF due to lesion in RA/RV

+/- murmur

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5
Q

CS of abomasal LSA

A 
Wt. loss
Melena
Outflow obstruction
"Papple-shaped" abdomen
(Abomasum can no longer secrete acid)
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6
Q

CS of uterine LS

A

Palpable masses in the uterus

+/- abortion

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7
Q

Retrobulbar LSA –>

A

Exophthalmos

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8
Q

LSA in spinal cord –>

A
  • acute downer cow

- posterior paresis/paralysis

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9
Q

Epidemiology of bovine LSA: animal causes

A
  • genetic susceptibility to viral infection (not well defined)
  • genetic susceptibility to develop tumors (BoLA haplotype): many Holsteins carry this!
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10
Q

Epidemiology of bovine LSA: infectious causes

A

BLV

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11
Q

Epidemiology of bovine LSA: environmental causes

A

Nutrition?
Concurrent infection?
Other stressors? (Ie. Stress of calving)

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12
Q

T/F: animal MUST have genetic susceptibility for tumor production to occur

A

T

-LSA occurs in about 2% of BLV+ cattle

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13
Q

Clin path of bovine LSA

A

Lymphocytosis +/- anemia

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14
Q

Dx of bovine LSA

A
  • AGID to look for Ab
  • ELISA to Ag
  • Cytology of LN or suspect tissue aspirates
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15
Q

Pathology of LSA

A
  • firm, cream-colored “fish flesh” tumors w/o uniform shape

- LN enlarged up to 0.5 meters in diameter

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16
Q

Ddx of bovine LSA

A
  • Multicentric abscess (abscess won’t be freely moveable)
  • Benign LN hyperplasia
  • Abomasal ulcers, upper GI obstruction, peritonitis, vagal indigestion

Cardiac: traumatic pericarditis, endocarditis, altitude sickness
Uterine: adhesions, abscess, mummification, other tumors
Spinal: trauma, hypocalcemia, rabies, cattle grubs
Periocular: SCC, retrobulbar abscess

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17
Q

Prevalence of BLV based on geography

A

More prevalent in the south (most likely due to insect populations)

18
Q

Is BLV found in semen?

A

Only if bull has inflammation in reproductive tract

19
Q

Colostral half life of gp51 Ab?

A

26 days

20
Q

Methods of transmission of BLV

A
  • vertical
  • colostrum and milk from infected cows
  • uterine flush fluids and ova or embryos (unlikely)
  • biting/sucking flies (very possible)
  • injections
  • rectal transmission
  • dehorning
  • ear tattooing
21
Q

Testing methodologies for BLV

A

1) AGID gp51 (industry standard)
- detects Ab induced by infection
- seropositive 4-8 wks post-infection (will be FN during this time)
- sensitive and specific
2) RIA gp51 (same as AGID)
3) ELISA (same as AGID, but positive after only 2-4 wks)
- useful for pooled samples

22
Q

Effect of BLV on cow health and productivity

A
  • no link b/w BLV infection and mastitis or repro performance (UF study DID find an association)
  • increased culling rate in BLV+ cows
23
Q

1 cause of condemnation of dairy cattle carcasses at slaughter**

A

BLV infection

24
Q

BLV may be zoonotic? Found in human breast tissue, and may be associated with breast cancer

A

:)

25
Q

Control of BLV

A
  • test and slaughter (requires 3 tests)
  • test and segregate (after 2-3 tests)
  • corrective management (palpation sleeves, single use needles, house replacements away from herd, dehorning practices)
  • no vaccine
26
Q

CS of anaplasmosis in calf/heifers

A
  • inapparent, asymptomatic

- mild lethargy, partial anorexia for 24-48hrs

27
Q

CS of anaplasmosis in heifers 1-2 yrs old:

A
  • fever
  • dyspnea
  • moderate to severe anemia
  • anorexia
  • decreased rumen motility
  • infrequently fatal
28
Q

CS of anaplasmosis in cows > 2yrs old:

A

-very high fever (or hypothermia)
-anorexia and agalactia
-dec. rumen motility
-pale mm (anemia)
-constipation w/ dry, bile-stained (dark), mucus-coated feces
-staggering
+/- abortion
-watery blood that fails to clot
-uncommonly death

29
Q

Geographic distr. of anaplasma

A

Southeast, West/northwest

30
Q

Infectious causes of anaplasmosis

A

Anaplasma marginale

Anaplasma ovis in sheep (asymptomatic)

31
Q

Environmental causes of Anaplasmosis

A

Ticks: Dermacentor

Biting flies: Tabanids

32
Q

Transmission of anaplasma

A
  • predominantly vectors: tick, horsefly (esp. In SE)**
  • iatrogenic (common needles, dehorner, etc.)

calves, young heifers have innate resistance

33
Q

Pathophys. Of Anaplasmosis

A

~30 day incubation period
# infected RBCs doubles daily for 7-10 days
-erythrophagocytosis of infected RBCs, predominantly in SP and LIV
-immune system coats RBCs w/ autoAb that enhance phagocytosis of infected AND normal RBCs –> severe anemia
-little IV hemolysis, NO hemoglobinuria**
-icterus mild if present
-survivors are chronic carriers

34
Q

Clin path of anaplasmosis

A 
PCV 12-15% --> CS of severe anemia
PCV  death
Icterus index variable
Marginal bodies seen in RBCs with stain
-difficult to see if in recovery and infected RBCs destroyed and immature RBCs are prevalent
35
Q

Dx of anaplasma

A

Serology:

  • complement fixation
  • rapid card agglutination
  • cELISA
  • only verify carrier state, not clinical cows**
  • clinical cows won’t have Ab to these tests
36
Q

Pathology of anaplamsa

A
  • enlarged spleen
  • pale mm, musculature, lungs
  • distended GB
  • variable icterus
  • no hemoglobinuria
37
Q

Ddx of anaplasma

A

3 and 4 are regional problems and not in SE

1) Lepto
- usually has marked icterus and hemoglobinuria
2) Toxic plants
- bracken fern, Senecia
3) Babesia
4) Bacillary hemoglobinuria

38
Q

Management of anaplasma

A
  • control ticks/biting flies, iatrogenic blood transmission
  • abx: long-acting oxytet or chlortetracycline to eliminate carrier state
  • killed vaccine
39
Q

Vaccination for anaplasma

A
  • killed vax made from erythrocytes of acutely infected cattle
  • variable efficacy
  • short duration of immunity
  • can induce neonatal isoerythrolysis
40
Q

Tx of anaplasma

A

Anemia: blood transfusion, reduce stress
Infection: oxytetracycline

41
Q

Bovine Lymphosarcoma aka Bovine Enzootic Leukemia: signalment

A
  • Adult cattle (>2yrs)

- assoc. with Bovine leukemia virus (BLV)

Ruminant Medicine Spring 2016 (18 decks)

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