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Ruminant Medicine Spring 2016 > L19: Upper Leg Lameness In Cattle (Shearer) > Flashcards

L19: Upper Leg Lameness In Cattle (Shearer) Flashcards

1
Q

Tx for spinal lesions?

A

Euthanasia indicated for most cases

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2
Q

Injection site lesion –> nerve damage to peroneal branch of ischiatic nerve damage

CS?

A
  • buckling hoof as she walks

- worn hooves over the toes

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3
Q

Coxofemoral (hip) luxation etiology/cause

A
  • common in dairy cattle
  • usually unilateral
  • often related to trauma (ie. Obturator paralysis and bilateral abduction of the limbs at calving, may occur in calves from excessive traction during delivery)
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4
Q

2 types of coxofemoral luxation

A

1) dorso-cranial displacement of the femoral head

2) ventro or caudo-ventral displacement of the femoral head

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5
Q

dorso-cranial displacement of the femoral head

A
  • most common form of coxofemoral luxation
  • head of femur lies along ilial shaft
  • animal has hard time bearing weight on limb
  • stifle and foot (digits) rotated outward
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6
Q

ventro or caudo-ventral displacement of the femoral head

A
  • less frequent form of coxofemoral luxation
  • poorer prognosis
  • MS and neuro problems are MORE common with this form of displacement
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7
Q

DDx of coxofemoral luxation

A
  • pelvic fxs
  • fx of the femoral neck
  • separation of the femoral epiphysis and sacroiliac luxation
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8
Q

Non-surgical tx of coxofemoral luxation and factors that affect success

A

Non-surgical approaches:

-most successful if

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9
Q

Surgical correction of coxofemoral luxation

A
  • open reduction has good results
  • craniodorsal luxations have better long-term outcomes than ventrocaudal cases
  • re-luxation is most common secondary complication
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10
Q

Prognosis of coxofemoral luxation

A
  • generally poor
  • chronic cases of hip dislocation develops a false joint (pseudoarthrosis) but weight loss and severe lameness are to be expected
  • slaughter should be considered for all but the most valuable animals
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11
Q

Spastic Syndrome (Progressive Hind Limb Paralysis)

A
  • most common in older dairy cattle (esp. Holsteins, Guernsey’s)
  • heritable disorder caused by an autosomal dominant gene
  • may be a functional disorder of the myotactic reflex or postural reflex mechanisms
  • neuromuscular disorder characterized by episodic involuntary muscle contractions or spasms involving the hind legs
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12
Q

CS of spastic syndrome

A
  • postural disturbances described as crampiness, the stretches, periodic spasticity, standings disease, and progressive posterior paresis
  • backward extension and abduction of the hind legs
  • muscle trembling
  • difficulty moving forward
  • some animals develop severe lordosis
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13
Q

Tx for spastic syndrome

A
  • none

- affected animals tend to deteriorate w/ time requiring slaughter or euthanasia

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14
Q

Spastic Paresis (Elso Heel)

A
  • aka Progressive Hind Limb Paralysis
  • a neuromuscular disorder characterized by uni-lateral or bilateral hyperextension of the hock and stifle joints
  • can be bilateral or unilateral
  • seen in YOUNG animals, both beef and dairy
  • heritable
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15
Q

CS of spastic paresis (elso heel)

A
  • excessive tone and contracture of the gastrocnemius muscle
  • overextension of the hock and stifle joints
  • stiff movement and a straight hock
  • animal swings leg forward when walking
  • predisposes to DJD
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16
Q

DDx of spastic paresis (Elso Heel)

A
  • upward fixation of the patella
  • tarsitis
  • differentiate from spastic syndrome
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17
Q

Tx of spastic paresis (Elso Heel)

A
  • not advised (heritable condition)

- can do tenotomy of gastrocs or complete tibial neurectomy

18
Q

Stringhalt

A
  • sudden exaggerated flexion of either one or both hocks, with feet held high before quick placement back on the ground
  • horse: most easily seen at the walk or trot
  • is a SPASMOTIC contraction of the lateral extensor tendons of the hind legs
19
Q

4 forms of stringhalt (and causes)

A

1) Australian stringhalt (cause: flatweed)
2) Pseudostringhalt (cause: a painful condition in the affected leg)
3) Unilateral stringhalt (cause unknown, relieved by section of lateral extensor tendon)
4) Bilateral stringhalt (cause: abnormal thalamus)

20
Q

Normal presentation of calf fetus

A

(Longitudinal) anterior presentation (diving out)

Longitudinal) posterior presentation (feet first

21
Q

Relationship of the dorsum of the fetus in longitudinal, or the head in transverse presentation

A

Dorso-sacral (normal)
Dorso-pubic (upside down)
Dorso-left ileal (torsed to the left)
Dorso-right ileal (torsed to the right)

*position of dorsum of the fetus comes first, position of pelvis comes second

22
Q

Posture

A

The relationship of the fetal extremities (head, neck, or limbs) to its own body
-may be flexed, extended, or head turned back to one side

23
Q

The anterior branch of the ischiadic nerve

A

Peroneal nerve

24
Q

Caudal branch of the ischiadic nerve

A

Tibial nerve

25
Q

Dystocia-related nerve injury

A
  • ischiadic (sciatic) nerve paralysis
  • peroneal nerve paralysis
  • tibial nerve paralysis
  • obturator nerve
26
Q

Peroneal nerve paralysis

A
  • paralysis of the muscles flexing the hock and extending the digits
  • peroneal nerve passes superficially near the lateral femoral condyle and the head of the fibula
  • CS: digit is knuckled over onto the dorsum of the pastern and fetlock joint, hock appears overextended
  • Tx: just time; maintain affected animals in areas with good footing
  • Prognosis: cows with mild damage recover spontaneously
27
Q

Tibial nerve paralysis

A
  • paralysis of the extensors of the hock and flexors of the digits
  • assoc. with dystocia and injections in the caudo-lateral stifle area
  • tx: time, maintain in area with good footing
  • Prognosis: most cases recover spontaneously
28
Q

Calving Paralysis Syndrome

A

-combo of lesions involving the lumbar root of L6 which contributes to both the ischiadic and obturator nerves

29
Q

What does obturator nerve innervate?

A
  • adductor muscle group (adductor, pectineus, and gracilis muscles)
  • vulnerable to intrapelvic compression during calving
30
Q

CS of obturator nerve damage

A

Base-wide stance when ambulatory

-can be permanent

31
Q

Downer Cow Syndrome causes

A
  • trauma
  • metabolic disease
  • neurological lesions
  • neoplasia (lymphoma)
  • septicemias and toxemias
32
Q

Secondary complications of Downer cow syndrome

A

Pressure ischemia of muscle tissue - “compartment syndrome”

33
Q

How do milk fever cows usually present?

A
  • alert but can’t get up
  • cool extremities, fever, evidence of off milk
  • tx: calcium
34
Q

Tx of downer cow syndrome

A
  • avoid secondary m. And nerve damage in downers: tx underlying causes
  • elevate cows with slings or hoists
  • float cows
  • provide additional supportive care PRN
35
Q

Rupture of the gastrocnemius or achilles tendon

A
  • prevents weight bearing on the affected limb
  • appears similar to tibial n. Paralysis
  • rare occurence
  • may occur in animals struggling to rise from recumbent position
  • no tx
  • NO knuckling
36
Q

Chars. Of cruciate ligament rupture

A
  • usually traumatic (sudden twisting or overextension)
  • tibial plateau moves forward relative to femoral condyles during weight bearing
  • results in grade 4 lameness
37
Q

CS of cruciate ligament rupture

A
  • outward rotation of leg or toe touching when standing
  • non painful effusion
  • visible instability during movement and/or audible “clunk”
  • predisposes to secondary DJD
38
Q

Dx of cruciate ligament rupture

A
  • positive drawer movement
  • joint effusion
  • rads
39
Q

What are the cruciate ligaments?

A

1) anterior cruciate
- rupture results in femorotibial instability and subluxation
- usually caused by trauma
2) posterior cruciate

40
Q

Radial nerve paralysis origins

A
  • origins of radial nerve: C6, C7, and T1
  • vulnerable to injury proximally at the shoulder and distally at the lvl of the musculo-spiral groove of the humerus
  • can be injured in a tilt table
41
Q

Typical posture of an animal with a spinal lesion

A
  • right rear leg shows evidence of ischiadic/tibial nerve damage
  • animal is very painful (doesn’t stand for long periods in most cases)
  • very hunched over

Ruminant Medicine Spring 2016 (18 decks)

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