L32 Neuroscience - Memory Flashcards
what are the two types of memory?
long and short term
what are the 2 types of long term memory?
declarative (explicit) and non-declarative (implicit)
what are examples of declarative memory?
events (episodic) and facts (semantic)
what is an example of non-declarative memory?
procedural, perceptual representation, classical conditioning, non-associative learning
what is procedural memory?
motor memory
what is perceptual memory?
long term sensory memory
what is the Atkinson and Shiffrin Modal Model?
items are selected by attentional processes and then moved to short term memory, rehearsal moves them from short-term to long-term memory
what is the phonological loop?
it encodes information acoustically in working memory
what is the visuospatial sketch pad?
it encodes information visually in working memory
what is the neurological basis of memory?
persistent firing of neurons in frontal cortex, when they stop, memory stops
what long term changes in brain allow long term memory?
formation of engrams
what result came from rat experiments to find where in brain memory is stored?
the size of the cut from brain correlated with amount of errors made by rats
what type of memory does not require hippocampus?
procedural memory
what is the problem with rat experiments and memory?
animals have no episodic memories - rats require heavy training
what is the plastictity mechanism?
the changeability of something
what is Donal Hebb’s Organisation of Behaviour?
neurons that are activated at the same time are more likely to become rewired together
what is long term potentiation?
long lasting strengthening response of a nerve cell that with repeated stimulation is related to learning and long term memory
what is LTP involved in?
plasticity of memory
what is neuronal plasticity?
the ability of the nervous system to be modified after birth
what is synpatic plasticity?
the strengthening or weakening of synaptic junctions
what receptor does LTP need to occur?
Glutamate NMDA and AMPA
what happens when LTP is disrupted?
memory is disrupted
what receptors are crucial for encoding and recall of spatial memory?
hippocampal NMDA
how are short term memories translated into long-term memories?
memory consolidation
what occurs during amensia?
a preiod of sensitivity/ distractability
what is retrograde amnesia?
you don’t remember what happened yesterday but you remembered before you hit your head
what is retrograde amnesia?
you don’t remember what happened yesterday but you remembered before you hit your head
what is ansiomycin?
a protein synthesis blocker - blocks LTP
what is amygdala required for?
fear conditioning and context fear conditioning
what is the hippocampus required for?
contextual fear conditioning
what are engrams?
something that stores memories in brain and PNS
what is the amygdala?
part of brain associated with emotion
what is optigenetics?
genes for light-sensitive proteins are introduced into specific types of brain cells in order to monitor and control their activity precisely using light signals
what does channelrhodopsin do?
activates neurons with millisecond evolution
what does halorhodopsin do?
inactivates neurons with millisecond resolution
why does imagination and memory become hard to tell apart?
they use the same part of the brain
