L32 Neuroscience - Memory

Question 1

what are the two types of memory?

Answer 1

long and short term

Question 2

what are the 2 types of long term memory?

Answer 2

declarative (explicit) and non-declarative (implicit)

Question 3

what are examples of declarative memory?

Answer 3

events (episodic) and facts (semantic)

Question 4

what is an example of non-declarative memory?

Answer 4

procedural, perceptual representation, classical conditioning, non-associative learning

Question 5

what is procedural memory?

Answer 5

motor memory

Question 6

what is perceptual memory?

Answer 6

long term sensory memory

Question 7

what is the Atkinson and Shiffrin Modal Model?

Answer 7

items are selected by attentional processes and then moved to short term memory, rehearsal moves them from short-term to long-term memory

Question 8

what is the phonological loop?

Answer 8

it encodes information acoustically in working memory

Question 9

what is the visuospatial sketch pad?

Answer 9

it encodes information visually in working memory

Question 10

what is the neurological basis of memory?

Answer 10

persistent firing of neurons in frontal cortex, when they stop, memory stops

Question 11

what long term changes in brain allow long term memory?

Answer 11

formation of engrams

Question 12

what result came from rat experiments to find where in brain memory is stored?

Answer 12

the size of the cut from brain correlated with amount of errors made by rats

Question 13

what type of memory does not require hippocampus?

Answer 13

procedural memory

Question 14

what is the problem with rat experiments and memory?

Answer 14

animals have no episodic memories - rats require heavy training

Question 15

what is the plastictity mechanism?

Answer 15

the changeability of something

Question 16

what is Donal Hebb’s Organisation of Behaviour?

Answer 16

neurons that are activated at the same time are more likely to become rewired together

Question 17

what is long term potentiation?

Answer 17

long lasting strengthening response of a nerve cell that with repeated stimulation is related to learning and long term memory

Question 18

what is LTP involved in?

Answer 18

plasticity of memory

Question 19

what is neuronal plasticity?

Answer 19

the ability of the nervous system to be modified after birth

Question 20

what is synpatic plasticity?

Answer 20

the strengthening or weakening of synaptic junctions

Question 21

what receptor does LTP need to occur?

Answer 21

Glutamate NMDA and AMPA

Question 22

what happens when LTP is disrupted?

Answer 22

memory is disrupted

Question 23

what receptors are crucial for encoding and recall of spatial memory?

Answer 23

hippocampal NMDA

Question 24

how are short term memories translated into long-term memories?

Answer 24

memory consolidation

Question 25

what occurs during amensia?

Answer 25

a preiod of sensitivity/ distractability

Question 26

what is retrograde amnesia?

Answer 26

you don’t remember what happened yesterday but you remembered before you hit your head

Question 26

what is retrograde amnesia?

Answer 26

you don’t remember what happened yesterday but you remembered before you hit your head

Question 27

what is ansiomycin?

Answer 27

a protein synthesis blocker - blocks LTP

Question 28

what is amygdala required for?

Answer 28

fear conditioning and context fear conditioning

Question 29

what is the hippocampus required for?

Answer 29

contextual fear conditioning

Question 30

what are engrams?

Answer 30

something that stores memories in brain and PNS

Question 31

what is the amygdala?

Answer 31

part of brain associated with emotion

Question 32

what is optigenetics?

Answer 32

genes for light-sensitive proteins are introduced into specific types of brain cells in order to monitor and control their activity precisely using light signals

Question 33

what does channelrhodopsin do?

Answer 33

activates neurons with millisecond evolution

Question 34

what does halorhodopsin do?

Answer 34

inactivates neurons with millisecond resolution

Question 35

why does imagination and memory become hard to tell apart?

Answer 35

they use the same part of the brain