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FC2O Lecture MCQ2 > L27 Pathophysiology and Treatment of Hypertension > Flashcards

L27 Pathophysiology and Treatment of Hypertension Flashcards

1
Q

what ensures fluid balance within the body?

A

cardiovascular and renal system

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2
Q

what causes hypertension?

A

high blood pressure

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3
Q

what is a determinant in blood pressure and haemodynamics?

A

resistance to blood flow

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4
Q

where is there high resistance to blood flow?

A

in small vessels like capillaries

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5
Q

what vessel is the most resistant to blood flow?

A

arterioles

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6
Q

what is systolic pressure?

A

the highest blood pressure when ventricles are contracting

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7
Q

what is diastolic pressure?

A

the lowest blood pressure in cardiac cycle when ventricles are relaxing

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8
Q

why does pressure not reach 0 in arteries?

A

because they have thick elastic walls and ability to recoil

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9
Q

explain pressure through circulatory system from highest to lowest in reference to areas

A

arterioles, arteries, capillaries, venules, veins

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10
Q

what is blood flow equal to?

A

pressure gradient/ resistance

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11
Q

what is the resistance of flow proportionate to?

A

length of tube x viscosity/radius

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12
Q

what explains the factors that cause resistance to flow?

A

Poiseulle’s Law

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13
Q

what factors cause resistance to blood flow?

A

vasodialation and vasoconstriction

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14
Q

what is the ‘rest state’?

A

partial contraction - allows restriction or dialation

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15
Q

what determines blood flow?

A

blood pressure and degree of vasconstriction and vasdialation

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16
Q

what induces vasodilation and reduced blood pressure? (increased blood flow)

A

nitric oxide and endothelin from endothelial cells

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17
Q

what hormone causes vasodialation?

A

histamine

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18
Q

what hormone causes vasoconstriction?

A

ADH

19
Q

what metabolistic features cause dialation?

A

decreased oxygen availability and temperature increase

20
Q

what metabolistic feature causes constriction?

A

nervousness/ anxiousness

21
Q

what gives a false blood pressure reading?

A

arm raised above heart due to gravity interference

22
Q

what is ideal blood pressure?

A

120mmHg at systole and 70mmHg at diastole

23
Q

what is venous return?

A

the return of blood - flowing the wrong way

24
Q

what is Total Peripheral Restriction (TPR)?

A

The sum of vasodialation and vasconstriction in an entire system

25
Q

what determines mean arterial pressure/ blood pressure?

A

heart rate, stroke volume and TPR (sum of dialation and constriction)

26
Q

what is involved in short term regulation of BP?

A

baroreceptor reflex

27
Q

what is involved in long term regulation of BP?

A

regulation of blood vol via kidney, hormonal control

28
Q

how is blood pressure decreased?

A

1) mechanoreceptors: baroreceptors of aortic arch and carotid sinus activate
2) nerve endings respond to stretch of vessel wall
3) dialation of blood vessel

29
Q

what nerves connect to baroreceptors that allow change of BP?

A

A and C fibres

30
Q

what are A fibres?

A

myelinated, detect low pressures of around 30.90mmHg

31
Q

what are C fibres?

A

unmyleniated, detect high pressure of 70-140mmHg

32
Q

what happens in relation to autonomic system when lowering blood pressure?

A

promote parasympathetic stimulation and lower sympathetic stimulation

33
Q

what do baroreceptors do?

A

they detect the pressure and input into CNS medulla which activates either the parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous system

34
Q

what does the renin-angiotensin aldotesterone system do?

A

it regulates sodium and water balance

35
Q

how does renin-angiotensin aldosterone system influence blood pressure?

A

1) when blood pressure drops this pathway occurs via secretion of renin in kidneys
2) angiotensinogen proteins cleaved by renin to form angiotensin 1
3) angiotensin 1 forms angiotensin 2 when flowing through lungs
4) it produces aldosterone in kidneys to increase sodium reabsorption (conserves water)

36
Q

what does angiotensin 2 stimulate?

A

thirst response and secretion of ADH (which increases water reabsorption)

37
Q

what happens renal arteries during hypertension?

A

left and right arteries narrow

38
Q

how is angiotension1 converted to angiotensin 2?

A

ace enzyme

39
Q

how do we diagnose hypertension?

A

systolic pressure above 140 and diastolic pressure below 90

40
Q

how to treat hypertension

A

decrease in alcohol, dietary, exercise, thiazide diuretics, ace inhibitors (inhibit alderstone formation)

41
Q

what happens when renal arteries narrow?

A

less blood flow - kidney thinks this is low blood pressure but it is not which leads to secretion of aldersterone which increases blood pressure by reabsorption of salts

42
Q

what does aldosterone corticoid do?

A

increases sodium reabsorption which increases blood pressure

43
Q

what relieves hypertension in renal arteries?

A

stents

FC2O Lecture MCQ2 (14 decks)

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