L29 Digestion and Metabolism

Question 1

what are the basic building blocks in the body?

Answer 1

nutrients

Question 2

what are the 4 classes of nutrients?

Answer 2

essential and non essential amino acids, vitamins and minerals

Question 3

what is vitamin B3?

Answer 3

a vitamin and a cofactor

Question 4

what is iron?

Answer 4

a mineral and a cofactor

Question 5

what is linoleic acid?

Answer 5

an essential amino acid

Question 6

what is the GI tract?

Answer 6

gastrointestinal system = digestive system

Question 7

what is the GI tract?

Answer 7

external way of interacting with enviornment in a nutritional/waste point of view

Question 8

what does mucus consist of?

Answer 8

viscous water, amylase and glycoproteins

Question 9

why can we not stop swallowing half way through?

Answer 9

it is a reflex - epiglottis prevents re-entry to mouth

Question 10

what is coughing?

Answer 10

an involuntary reflex when swallowing reflex fails

Question 11

what regulates movement in digestive system walls?

Answer 11

sphincters

Question 12

what sphincter do we have voluntary control over?

Answer 12

anal sphincter

Question 13

food is processed into a liquid called?

Answer 13

chyme

Question 14

what is the pH of gastric juice?

Answer 14

2

Question 15

what enzyme breaks protein bonds?

Answer 15

pepsin protease

Question 16

where does HCl come from?

Answer 16

priorital cells secreted into stomach

Question 17

where does HCl form?

Answer 17

lumen of stomach

Question 18

when does pepsin form?

Answer 18

in acidic conditions in presence of HCl

Question 19

what causes gastric ulcers?

Answer 19

bacteria called Heliobacter pylori

Question 20

where does most chemical digestion occur?

Answer 20

intestine

Question 21

how are fats partly digested?

Answer 21

bile salts

Question 22

what is life cycle of red blood cells?

Answer 22

120 days - bile kills them and recycles them via liver

Question 23

what does the hepatic artery do?

Answer 23

brings oxygen to liver, comes from GI tract and funnels nutrients to liver

Question 24

what is a lacteal?

Answer 24

part of lymphatic vessel that absorbs fat

Question 25

what are chylomicrons?

Answer 25

a droplet of fat present in the blood or lymph after absorption from the small intestine

Question 26

what minor role does appendix play?

Answer 26

immune response

Question 27

where is faeces stored?

Answer 27

rectum

Question 28

what regulates the digestive system/ GI tract?

Answer 28

endocrine and nervous system

Question 29

what happens when we eat food?

Answer 29

medulla recieves a signal and autonomic nervous system causes secretion of saliva

Question 30

conditioned reflex?

Answer 30

associating a certain stimulus with a certain response

Question 31

what functions keep us alive?

Answer 31

vegetative functions - nutritional, metabolic, and endocrine functions

Question 32

how is energy stored?

Answer 32

first in liver and then in glycogen, excess energy in adipose cells

Question 33

when the body requires energy what occurs?

Answer 33

glycogen storage is used first followed by muscle glycogen and then fat stores

Question 34

what is the absorptive state?

Answer 34

the body has been fed - glucose is plentiful - insulin regulates this state

Question 35

what is the postabsorptive state?

Answer 35

this is fasting - energy stores are mobilised for energy, glucagon hormone is a major regulator

Question 36

what is metabolic syndrome?

Answer 36

cluster of risk factors including insulin resistance, hypertension and high fat content

Question 37

what is a central mechanism in insulin resistance?

Answer 37

chronic state of inflammation

Question 38

what does obesity contribute to?

Answer 38

type 2 diabetes, cancer of colon and breat, heart attacks and strokes

Question 39

how do hormones regulate appetite?

Answer 39

satiety centre in brain, ghrelin hormone triggers hunger

Question 40

what secretes ghrelin?

Answer 40

stomach walls

Question 41

what hormone suppresses appetite?

Answer 41

insulin and PYY - small intestine | Leptin - adipose tissue

Question 42

what is an important concept in disease and health?

Answer 42

each individual has a unique microbiota/ bacterial fingerprint