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FC2O Lecture MCQ2 > L20 Organogenesis > Flashcards

L20 Organogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

List the order of events of Developmental Embryology that give rise to an Embryo

A

Fertilisation, Cleavage, Gastrulation, Neurulation, Organogenesis

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2
Q

what is cleavage stage known as?

A

8-cell stage

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3
Q

what is a type of organogenesis?

A

neurulation

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4
Q

what is meroblastic give example

A

yolk stays intact example zebrafish

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5
Q

what is holoblastic give example

A

yolk is divided amongst nearby cells example humans

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6
Q

what does ectoderm later form?

A

neurons, skin, pigment cells

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7
Q

what does mesoderm later form?

A

somites, heart, mesenchyme, mesothelium, non-epithelial blood cells and coelomocytes

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8
Q

what does endoderm later form?

A

lungs, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, colon, liver, pancreas, bladder, thyroid

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9
Q

how is gastrulation characterised

A

interaction of cells across 3 distinct germ layers

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10
Q

how is organogenesis characterised?

A

local interactions that allow definition and development of an organ - forming tissues
morphogenesis of structures

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11
Q

what morphogenic structures occur during organogenesis?

A

folding of neural tube, looping of heart, branching of lungs

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12
Q

what cells make the germ layers?

A

STEM cells/ somatic cells

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13
Q

what are germ cells?

A

sex cells

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14
Q

How does nervous system form?

A

on outer embryo body and then becomes internalised

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15
Q

what is notochord derived from?

A

dorsal lip of blastopore

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16
Q

how does neural plate form?

A

notochord signals ectoderm layer to thicken

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17
Q

what signalling molecule is secreted from notochord and is key in neural plate synthesis?

A

shh

18
Q

where are neural crest cells?

A

above neural plate

19
Q

what do neural crest cells give rise to?

A

PNS

20
Q

where and how does a neuron undergo to specialise as a neuron cell?

A

undergoes neurogenesis in CNS

21
Q

What signalling pathway has a role in lateral inhibition?

A

delta-notch pathway

22
Q

what does delta-notch signalling pathway do?

A

inhibits neighbouring cells from differentiating

23
Q

why is hox code neccessary?

A

to ensure the right shape of vertebrate forms in the right place

24
Q

what happens if hox code is changed?

A

nerve projection changes

25
Q

what is the fate of somite cells?

A

muscle blocks of body wall and vertebrate of backbone

26
Q

how does spatial organisation occur

?

A

cells are influenced by multiple cell signals in embryo

27
Q

what does lateral plate mesoderm split into?

A

dorsal and ventral cavity formed in between called coelom cavity

28
Q

dorsal side of mesoderm plate forms

A

body wall (with overlying ectoderm)

29
Q

ventral side of mesoderm plate forms

A

heart and circulatory system

30
Q

what is the first functioning organ?

A

heart

31
Q

what is mesenchyme

A

a tissue organisation where cells are loosely connected to one another

32
Q

what does mesenchyme differentiate into

A

circulatory system, connective tissue, cartilage and bone

33
Q

what changes heart from tube morphologically?

A

looping and septation

34
Q

key pathway in heart formation

A

BMP, Tbox TF, Wnt, Notch

35
Q

What does BMP do?

A

controls expression of an important TF needed to differentiate heart muscles Nkxx2.5

36
Q

what are 2 neccessary systems for development

A

extensive branching morphogenesis and mesenchymal to epithelial transition

37
Q

what is vasculogenesis

A

angioblast cells assemble into vessels thorugh mesenchymal to epithelial transition

38
Q

what are the 2 phases of blood production?

A

embryonic phase and definitive phase

39
Q

what are stem cells in bone marrow called?

A

haematopoietic stem cells

40
Q

what tubes does endoderm produce during folding?

A

digestive and respiratory tract

41
Q

what 2 signalling pathways work together for branching of lungs?

A

fgf-10 (induces branching) and shh (limits outgrowth)

FC2O Lecture MCQ2 (14 decks)

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