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FC2O Lecture MCQ2 > L22 Pharmacology > Flashcards

L22 Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

what type of communication occurs between nerves and target cells?

A

chemical (neurotransmitters)

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2
Q

what type of communciation occurs between nerve cells?

A

electrical (action potential) and chemical (neurotransmission)

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3
Q

how are neurotransmitters released from pre-synaptic terminal across synaptic cleft?

A

excotyosis

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4
Q

how do they enter neighbouring neuron?

A

they don’t. they bind to receptors in post-synaptic cleft to cause a stimulated response in the neuron (action potential)

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5
Q

do action potential amplitudes differ?

A

no they all have the same amplitude no matter the stimulus

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6
Q

do action potentials have different frequencies?

A

yes

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7
Q

what does an increas of action potential frequency mean?

A

more neurotransmitters are being released - more of an effect on target cell

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8
Q

what is the common pathway by which CNS controls skeletal activity?

A

Efferent nervous system -> motor nervous system

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9
Q

what neurotransmitter is present at a neuro-muscular junction?

A

acetylcholine, ACh

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10
Q

what type of receptor does ACh bind to on muscle cells? what does this mean?

A

nicotinic, they also bind nicotine neurotransmitters

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11
Q

what happens when ACh binds to nicotinic receptors?

A

it triggers a response - influx of Ca2+ ions which allow muscle depolarisation and contraction

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12
Q

what causes the muscle to contract?

A

end plate potential from

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13
Q

how does the signal stop/ muscle contraction stop?

A

acetylcholinesterase enzyme inactivates acetylcholine, end plate potential stops - contraction stops

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14
Q

what substance can cause excessive muscle contraction?

A

venom from black widow spider - causes explosive release of acetylcholine and organophosphates like sarin gas

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15
Q

what effect does high concentration of acetylcholine have on muscle cells?

A

pro-longed depolarisation can lead to fatigued muscle and respiratory failure

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16
Q

what substance can cause lack of acetylcholine?

A

botulinum blocks release of acetylcholine and curare blocks binding of ACh with nicotinic receptors

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17
Q

what effect does low concentrations of acetylcholine have?

A

inactivated muscles, can cause paralysis

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18
Q

what medical purpose does botulinum have?

A

botox and prevents rigid contraction in skeletal muscle after strokes

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19
Q

what is the autonomic nervous system composed of?

A

parasympathetic and sympathetic systems

20
Q

what knowledge allows development of target drugs?

A

types of neurotransmitters and receptors involved and pattern of receptor dispersion

21
Q

what system is the adrenal medulla part of?

A

endocrine and sympathetic nervous system

22
Q

what are adrenal glands?

A

modified ganglia

23
Q

how do parasympathetic and sympathetic systems work opposingly in relation to the eye?

A

P - contricts pupil/ S - dilates pupil

24
Q

how do parasympathetic and sympathetic systems work opposingly in relation to the salivary gland?

A

P - stimulates secretion/ S - Inhibits secretion

25
Q

how do parasympathetic and sympathetic systems work opposingly in relation to the lungs?

A

P- constricts bronchi/ S- relaxes bronchi

26
Q

how do parasympathetic and sympathetic systems work opposingly in relation to the heart?

A

P- slows heart/ S- accelerates heart

27
Q

How are adrenal glands stimulated to produce hormones/ neurotransmitters?

A

sympathetic nerves stimulate pre-ganglionic fibres of adrenal gland and cause secretion

28
Q

what hormones does adrenal gland release?

A

80% adrenalin, 20% noradrenalin

29
Q

how does the autonomic system regulate physiology of the body?

A

via parasympathetic system and sympathetic system working opposingly AND acetylcholine and noradrenaline

30
Q

what nerves emerge from CNS always?

A

pre-ganglionic nerves

31
Q

pre-ganglionic nerves (efferent) always emerge from CNS, what neurotransmitter do they ALWAYS release?

A

acetylcholine

32
Q

what is the sympathetic pathway beginning from CNS?

A

1) ACh is secreted from pre-ganglionic neuron
2) Noradrenalin is secreted from post-ganglionic neuron
OR
2) Epinephrine/ Adrenalin is released from adrenal gland

33
Q

what is the parasympathetic system beginning from CNS?

A

ACh is released from pre-ganglionic neuron and post-ganglionic neuron

34
Q

what does noradrenalin/ adrenalin from sympathetic pathway bind with?

A

effector cells with adrenergic receptors

35
Q

what does ACh from parasympathetic pathway bind with?

A

effector cells with muscarinic/ nicotinic cholinergic receptors

36
Q

what neurotransmitters do pre-ganglionic nerves always secrete?

A

ACh

37
Q

what neurotransmitters do post-ganglionic nerves secrete?

A

in sympathetic pathway: noradrenalin

in parasympathetic pathway: ACh

38
Q

what ACh and NA/Ad receptors do tissues have that are innervated by autonomic nervous system?

A

nicotinic cholingeric receptors and muscarinic cholinergic receptors (ACh)

alpha and beta adrenergic receptors (NA/Ad)

39
Q

what do receptor agonists do?

A

bind to same receptor as neurotransmitter and cause an effect similar to neurotransmitter

40
Q

what do receptor antagonists do?

A

bind to receptor and block neurotransmitter response

41
Q

what is salbutamol?

A

a pharmalogical angonist that mimics effect of NA and Ad

42
Q

what causes widening/dialtion of bronchioles?

A

pre-ganglionic sympathetic nerves in lungs secrete adrenalin and bind to Beta adrenergic receptors on bronchioles causing dialtion (agonist - salbutamol)

43
Q

sympathetic nervous system accelerates heart rate and force of contraction, how do you stop this pharmalogically?

A

beta blockers lower heart rate and blood pressure

44
Q

what is the blood-brain barrier?

A

arrangement of blood vessels and glial cells along with neurons

45
Q

what does prozac do?

A

blocks serotonin uptake

46
Q

what is L-dopa?

A

a precursor of dopamine, can get passed blood brain barrier and allieviate symptoms of Parkinson’s

47
Q

Common Neurotransmitters

A

acetylcholine, dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin, histamine, glycine, glutamate, aspartate, GABA

FC2O Lecture MCQ2 (14 decks)

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