L30 Integration of Physiological Regulation - Pathophysiology Flashcards
Name 3 interacting physiological systems that regulate homeostasis
nervous, endocrine and immune system
in what metabolistic pathways do immune system, nervous and endocrine system interact?
regulation of disease and stress
how many systems are in the body?
11
what do all systems in the body have in common?
they all have immune systems, a blood supply and a nerve supply
what is important when the body is giving a stress response?
access to gradients of stress response by homeostasis
what is acute stress?
low levels - allows body to cope
what is chronic stress?
high levels - can damage body and brain
what happens as a result from stressing over longe periods of time?
neuro-inflammation and peripheral inflammatory response from immune systems
what are glial cells?
supportive cells found along neurons
what are microglia?
immune cells in brain
what immune cells cause neuroinflammation?
astrocytes and microglia
how/when are microglia and astrocytes activated?
during a stress response
what disorders are microgli and astrocytes associated with?
mood disorders - depression
the activation of astrocytes and microglia during stress response also leads to activation of?
sympathetic system and hypothalamus pituitary adrenal axis
what is HPA axis?
Hypothalamus Pituitary Adrenal Gland Axis
what is the role of HPA?
to mediate/ regulate the stress response
what areas of adrenal gland are activated during response to stress?
medulla (inner) and cortex (outter) - secrete adrenalin
in response to stress what does HPA hormones activate?
fight or flight response for acute stress
what happens during chronic stress response?
pro-longed activation of adrenal gland, increased secretion of mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids
what are mineralocorticoids?
hormones that increase blood volume and pressure
what are glucocorticoids?
hormones that increase availability of blood glucose - suppressing immune system
what is a source of chronic stress?
exercise
what is sedentary behaviour?
activity characterised by energy expenditure equal to or less than 1.5 Metabolic equivalents
what is an example of sedentary behaviour?
sitting/ reclining
what is MET?
Metabolic Equivalent - any movement produced by skeletal muscles which causes greater energy expenditure than at rest
what is increased sedentary behaviour associated with?
mortality/ increased hazard ratio
why is physcial activity detrimental to our health?
we have evolved to walk long distances
what is our favoured ground for homeostasis to occur?
being physically active
what is lack of activity associated with?
development of non-transmissable diseases that may have an inflammatory component example cancer/stroke
what is anti-inflammatory?
exercise
what are 2 anit-inflammatory cytokines?
IL-10 and IL-1ra
what form are adipocytes and macrophages in fat tissue with healthy diet and moderate exercise?
macrophages in M2 resting state
what happens adipocytes and macrophages in fat tissue with increased calorie intake and lack of exercise?
adipocytes size increases and M1 macrophages are activate causing inflammation
how does exercise reduce inflammation?
1) activation of HPA axis
2) activation of sympathetic nervous system
3) adrenaline and cortisols from HPA decrease pro-inflammatory monocytes such as TNF
4) muscle secretes IL-6 which decreases TNF monocyte and macrophage secretion
5) adipocyte size decreases - fewer TNF macrophages
what anti-inflammatory cytokine is released from lymphoid organs such as spleen?
cytokine IL-10
What are TNF cells?
Tumour Necrosis Factor - causes inflammation
what can cause cardiovascular pathology?
obestity and metabolic syndrome
what is metabolic syndrome?
a cluster of risk factors specific for cardiovascular disease
what leads to diabetes?
inflammation pathways and resistance to insulin
what is inflammaging?
chronic low-grade inflammation
what is chronic low-grade inflammation associated with?
poor health
what causes an increase in low grade inflammation?
surplus of energy (calories), lack of physical exercise and AGE
what is immunosenescence?
immune cells don’t function as well as they used to
how does the microbiome relate to chronic-low grade inflammation?
as we age, microbiome changes and this can cause increased inflammation
during muscle contraction/ physical exercise what immune cells are secreted?
myokine IL-6 which leads to secretion of IL-10 cytokines
how does exercise affect the brain?
promotes anti-inflammatory microglia
increased neurogenesis, synaptic plasticity and cognitive function
how does exercise effect age-related inflammation?
reduces neuroinflammation and cognitive decline
what diseases are associated with inflammation? (other than age)
major depressive disorder, schizophrenia, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease
how does homeostasis function best?
interaction and integration of communication between ALL systems
what symptoms are associated with ‘inflammaging’
changes in chromatin structure, accumulation of cell debris, immunosenescence, mitochondrial dysfunction, microbiome changes
