L30 Integration of Physiological Regulation - Pathophysiology

Question 1

Name 3 interacting physiological systems that regulate homeostasis

Answer 1

nervous, endocrine and immune system

Question 2

in what metabolistic pathways do immune system, nervous and endocrine system interact?

Answer 2

regulation of disease and stress

Question 3

how many systems are in the body?

Answer 3

11

Question 4

what do all systems in the body have in common?

Answer 4

they all have immune systems, a blood supply and a nerve supply

Question 5

what is important when the body is giving a stress response?

Answer 5

access to gradients of stress response by homeostasis

Question 6

what is acute stress?

Answer 6

low levels - allows body to cope

Question 7

what is chronic stress?

Answer 7

high levels - can damage body and brain

Question 8

what happens as a result from stressing over longe periods of time?

Answer 8

neuro-inflammation and peripheral inflammatory response from immune systems

Question 9

what are glial cells?

Answer 9

supportive cells found along neurons

Question 10

what are microglia?

Answer 10

immune cells in brain

Question 11

what immune cells cause neuroinflammation?

Answer 11

astrocytes and microglia

Question 12

how/when are microglia and astrocytes activated?

Answer 12

during a stress response

Question 13

what disorders are microgli and astrocytes associated with?

Answer 13

mood disorders - depression

Question 14

the activation of astrocytes and microglia during stress response also leads to activation of?

Answer 14

sympathetic system and hypothalamus pituitary adrenal axis

Question 15

what is HPA axis?

Answer 15

Hypothalamus Pituitary Adrenal Gland Axis

Question 16

what is the role of HPA?

Answer 16

to mediate/ regulate the stress response

Question 17

what areas of adrenal gland are activated during response to stress?

Answer 17

medulla (inner) and cortex (outter) - secrete adrenalin

Question 18

in response to stress what does HPA hormones activate?

Answer 18

fight or flight response for acute stress

Question 19

what happens during chronic stress response?

Answer 19

pro-longed activation of adrenal gland, increased secretion of mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids

Question 20

what are mineralocorticoids?

Answer 20

hormones that increase blood volume and pressure

Question 21

what are glucocorticoids?

Answer 21

hormones that increase availability of blood glucose - suppressing immune system

Question 22

what is a source of chronic stress?

Answer 22

exercise

Question 23

what is sedentary behaviour?

Answer 23

activity characterised by energy expenditure equal to or less than 1.5 Metabolic equivalents

Question 24

what is an example of sedentary behaviour?

Answer 24

sitting/ reclining

Question 25

what is MET?

Answer 25

Metabolic Equivalent - any movement produced by skeletal muscles which causes greater energy expenditure than at rest

Question 26

what is increased sedentary behaviour associated with?

Answer 26

mortality/ increased hazard ratio

Question 27

why is physcial activity detrimental to our health?

Answer 27

we have evolved to walk long distances

Question 28

what is our favoured ground for homeostasis to occur?

Answer 28

being physically active

Question 29

what is lack of activity associated with?

Answer 29

development of non-transmissable diseases that may have an inflammatory component example cancer/stroke

Question 30

what is anti-inflammatory?

Answer 30

exercise

Question 31

what are 2 anit-inflammatory cytokines?

Answer 31

IL-10 and IL-1ra

Question 32

what form are adipocytes and macrophages in fat tissue with healthy diet and moderate exercise?

Answer 32

macrophages in M2 resting state

Question 33

what happens adipocytes and macrophages in fat tissue with increased calorie intake and lack of exercise?

Answer 33

adipocytes size increases and M1 macrophages are activate causing inflammation

Question 34

how does exercise reduce inflammation?

Answer 34

1) activation of HPA axis 2) activation of sympathetic nervous system 3) adrenaline and cortisols from HPA decrease pro-inflammatory monocytes such as TNF 4) muscle secretes IL-6 which decreases TNF monocyte and macrophage secretion 5) adipocyte size decreases - fewer TNF macrophages

Question 35

what anti-inflammatory cytokine is released from lymphoid organs such as spleen?

Answer 35

cytokine IL-10

Question 36

What are TNF cells?

Answer 36

Tumour Necrosis Factor - causes inflammation

Question 37

what can cause cardiovascular pathology?

Answer 37

obestity and metabolic syndrome

Question 38

what is metabolic syndrome?

Answer 38

a cluster of risk factors specific for cardiovascular disease

Question 39

what leads to diabetes?

Answer 39

inflammation pathways and resistance to insulin

Question 40

what is inflammaging?

Answer 40

chronic low-grade inflammation

Question 41

what is chronic low-grade inflammation associated with?

Answer 41

poor health

Question 42

what causes an increase in low grade inflammation?

Answer 42

surplus of energy (calories), lack of physical exercise and AGE

Question 43

what is immunosenescence?

Answer 43

immune cells don't function as well as they used to

Question 44

how does the microbiome relate to chronic-low grade inflammation?

Answer 44

as we age, microbiome changes and this can cause increased inflammation

Question 45

during muscle contraction/ physical exercise what immune cells are secreted?

Answer 45

myokine IL-6 which leads to secretion of IL-10 cytokines

Question 46

how does exercise affect the brain?

Answer 46

promotes anti-inflammatory microglia | increased neurogenesis, synaptic plasticity and cognitive function

Question 47

how does exercise effect age-related inflammation?

Answer 47

reduces neuroinflammation and cognitive decline

Question 48

what diseases are associated with inflammation? (other than age)

Answer 48

major depressive disorder, schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease

Question 49

how does homeostasis function best?

Answer 49

interaction and integration of communication between ALL systems

Question 50

what symptoms are associated with 'inflammaging'

Answer 50

changes in chromatin structure, accumulation of cell debris, immunosenescence, mitochondrial dysfunction, microbiome changes