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FC2O Lecture MCQ2 > L30 Integration of Physiological Regulation - Pathophysiology > Flashcards

L30 Integration of Physiological Regulation - Pathophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

Name 3 interacting physiological systems that regulate homeostasis

A

nervous, endocrine and immune system

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2
Q

in what metabolistic pathways do immune system, nervous and endocrine system interact?

A

regulation of disease and stress

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3
Q

how many systems are in the body?

A

11

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4
Q

what do all systems in the body have in common?

A

they all have immune systems, a blood supply and a nerve supply

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5
Q

what is important when the body is giving a stress response?

A

access to gradients of stress response by homeostasis

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6
Q

what is acute stress?

A

low levels - allows body to cope

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7
Q

what is chronic stress?

A

high levels - can damage body and brain

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8
Q

what happens as a result from stressing over longe periods of time?

A

neuro-inflammation and peripheral inflammatory response from immune systems

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9
Q

what are glial cells?

A

supportive cells found along neurons

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10
Q

what are microglia?

A

immune cells in brain

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11
Q

what immune cells cause neuroinflammation?

A

astrocytes and microglia

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12
Q

how/when are microglia and astrocytes activated?

A

during a stress response

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13
Q

what disorders are microgli and astrocytes associated with?

A

mood disorders - depression

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14
Q

the activation of astrocytes and microglia during stress response also leads to activation of?

A

sympathetic system and hypothalamus pituitary adrenal axis

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15
Q

what is HPA axis?

A

Hypothalamus Pituitary Adrenal Gland Axis

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16
Q

what is the role of HPA?

A

to mediate/ regulate the stress response

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17
Q

what areas of adrenal gland are activated during response to stress?

A

medulla (inner) and cortex (outter) - secrete adrenalin

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18
Q

in response to stress what does HPA hormones activate?

A

fight or flight response for acute stress

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19
Q

what happens during chronic stress response?

A

pro-longed activation of adrenal gland, increased secretion of mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids

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20
Q

what are mineralocorticoids?

A

hormones that increase blood volume and pressure

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21
Q

what are glucocorticoids?

A

hormones that increase availability of blood glucose - suppressing immune system

22
Q

what is a source of chronic stress?

A

exercise

23
Q

what is sedentary behaviour?

A

activity characterised by energy expenditure equal to or less than 1.5 Metabolic equivalents

24
Q

what is an example of sedentary behaviour?

A

sitting/ reclining

25
Q

what is MET?

A

Metabolic Equivalent - any movement produced by skeletal muscles which causes greater energy expenditure than at rest

26
Q

what is increased sedentary behaviour associated with?

A

mortality/ increased hazard ratio

27
Q

why is physcial activity detrimental to our health?

A

we have evolved to walk long distances

28
Q

what is our favoured ground for homeostasis to occur?

A

being physically active

29
Q

what is lack of activity associated with?

A

development of non-transmissable diseases that may have an inflammatory component example cancer/stroke

30
Q

what is anti-inflammatory?

A

exercise

31
Q

what are 2 anit-inflammatory cytokines?

A

IL-10 and IL-1ra

32
Q

what form are adipocytes and macrophages in fat tissue with healthy diet and moderate exercise?

A

macrophages in M2 resting state

33
Q

what happens adipocytes and macrophages in fat tissue with increased calorie intake and lack of exercise?

A

adipocytes size increases and M1 macrophages are activate causing inflammation

34
Q

how does exercise reduce inflammation?

A

1) activation of HPA axis
2) activation of sympathetic nervous system
3) adrenaline and cortisols from HPA decrease pro-inflammatory monocytes such as TNF
4) muscle secretes IL-6 which decreases TNF monocyte and macrophage secretion
5) adipocyte size decreases - fewer TNF macrophages

35
Q

what anti-inflammatory cytokine is released from lymphoid organs such as spleen?

A

cytokine IL-10

36
Q

What are TNF cells?

A

Tumour Necrosis Factor - causes inflammation

37
Q

what can cause cardiovascular pathology?

A

obestity and metabolic syndrome

38
Q

what is metabolic syndrome?

A

a cluster of risk factors specific for cardiovascular disease

39
Q

what leads to diabetes?

A

inflammation pathways and resistance to insulin

40
Q

what is inflammaging?

A

chronic low-grade inflammation

41
Q

what is chronic low-grade inflammation associated with?

A

poor health

42
Q

what causes an increase in low grade inflammation?

A

surplus of energy (calories), lack of physical exercise and AGE

43
Q

what is immunosenescence?

A

immune cells don’t function as well as they used to

44
Q

how does the microbiome relate to chronic-low grade inflammation?

A

as we age, microbiome changes and this can cause increased inflammation

45
Q

during muscle contraction/ physical exercise what immune cells are secreted?

A

myokine IL-6 which leads to secretion of IL-10 cytokines

46
Q

how does exercise affect the brain?

A

promotes anti-inflammatory microglia

increased neurogenesis, synaptic plasticity and cognitive function

47
Q

how does exercise effect age-related inflammation?

A

reduces neuroinflammation and cognitive decline

48
Q

what diseases are associated with inflammation? (other than age)

A

major depressive disorder, schizophrenia, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease

49
Q

how does homeostasis function best?

A

interaction and integration of communication between ALL systems

50
Q

what symptoms are associated with ‘inflammaging’

A

changes in chromatin structure, accumulation of cell debris, immunosenescence, mitochondrial dysfunction, microbiome changes

FC2O Lecture MCQ2 (14 decks)

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