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FC2O Lecture MCQ2 > L25 Cardiovascular and Respiratory Physiology > Flashcards

L25 Cardiovascular and Respiratory Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

how many loops are in the circulatory system?

A

2

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2
Q

explain the pulmonary loop function

A

1) Deoxygenated blood flows from body into right atrium and right ventricle
2) blood is pumped to pulomnary artery to lungs
3) blood becomes oxygenated
4) blood flows into left side of heart
5) systemic cirulation begins - oxygenated blood pumped out of aorta

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3
Q

what is the circulation of blood?

A

unidirectional

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4
Q

what does the diaphragm do?

A

separates thoracic cavity form abdominal cavity

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5
Q

what is plasma?

A

water-like, functions as a solvent

55% water, 45% cellular contents

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6
Q

what is found in plasma?

A

electrolytes, ions, albumin proteins, immunoglobulins, apoliproteins, fibrinogen clotting proteins, nutrients, hormones

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7
Q

what is the role of albumin proteins?

A

regulation of osmosis and pH

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8
Q

What is the role of apoliproteins?

A

to carry lipids

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9
Q

what are red blood cells called?

A

erthryocytes

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10
Q

what are platelets?

A

cell fragments from megakaryocytes

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11
Q

how much does the heart weigh?

A

250-350g

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12
Q

what is the function of atria?

A

priming pumps that deliver blood through AV valves into ventricles

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13
Q

what does right ventricle do?

A

pumps blood to pulomary circuit via pulmonary artery

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14
Q

what does left ventricle do?

A

pumps blood through systemic circuit via aorta

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15
Q

what is the cardiac cycle?

A

heart beat

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16
Q

what is the systole phase of cardiac cycle?

A

contraction of heart

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17
Q

what is the diastole phase of cardiac cycle?

A

relaxation of heart (takes twice aslong)

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18
Q

how long is the average cardiac cycle?

A

0.8 seconds

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19
Q

how to calculate heart rate when cycle time = 0.8 seconds

A

60/0.8 = 75 beats per min

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20
Q

what causes lupdup sound from heart?

A

valve closure

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21
Q

what is cardiac output?

A

the volume of blood pumped by ventricle each minute

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22
Q

how is cardiac output calculated?

A

heart rate x stroke volume

70bpm x 70ml/beat = 4900ml

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23
Q

what is our entire blood volume?

A

5 litres, therefore our blood volume is being pumped around our body twice per minute (2 systems)

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24
Q

why do females have lower cardiac output?

A

smaller heart size

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25
Q

how does the sympathetic nervous system effect heart?

A

speeds up heart rate during exercise, increased stroke volume and strength of contraction

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26
Q

how does parasympathetic nervous system effect heart?

A

it slows down heart rate via SA node

27
Q

where is SA node located?

A

right atrium where vena cava empties

28
Q

what does P wave represent?

A

artial depolarisation/ systole phase caused by SA electrical excitation

29
Q

P-R interval represents?

A

signals/ electrical excitation are delayed at AV node

30
Q

QRS Complex represents?

A

signal spreads through ventricles causing depolarisation and contraction - blood pumped through body

31
Q

T-wave represents?

A

ventricular repolarisation and relaxation

32
Q

how do we calculate ECG/heart rate?

A

R-R interval/60 seconds

33
Q

what is tachycardia?

A

constantly high heart rate

34
Q

what is bradycardia?

A

constantly slow heart rate

35
Q

how small are capillaries?

A

8 microns in diameter

36
Q

what is haemodynamics?

A

the movement and flow of blood around circulation how it moves from pulmonary to systemic circuit

37
Q

what allows the movement of blood?

A

pressure gradients

38
Q

what type of relationship occurs between veolcity and surface area?

A

inverse relationship

39
Q

what law allows us to breathe?

A

Boyle’s Law

40
Q

what is boyle’s law?

A

at constant temp, pressure and volume are inversely related (when pressure increases, volume decreases)

41
Q

describe inhalation

A

1) diaphragm contracts
2) it moves down and lung volume increases
3) pressure in lung decreases below atmp
4) pressure gradient causes inhalation

42
Q

describe exhalation

A

1) diaphragm relaxes
2) it moves up, lung volume decreases
3) pressure in lung increases above atmp
4) this pressure gradient causes exhalation

43
Q

what does spirometry do?

A

measures lung volumes and capacity FEV1

44
Q

What is the average tidal volume?

A

500mls

45
Q

IRV definition?

A

forced inhalation volume

46
Q

ERV definition?

A

forced exhalation volume

47
Q

Vital Capacity definiton?

A

forced inhalation followed by forced exhalation, VC= IRV + ERV + TV(normal)

48
Q

residual volume definiton?

A

lungs are never fully empty, over 1L of air left trapped by alveoli

49
Q

what is a sign of pulmonary disease?

A

not being able to exhale 80% of vital capacity in the first second FEV1

50
Q

what is important of carbon dioxide diffusion across capillaries?

A

they are completely independent of one another

51
Q

what do gaseous partial pressures depend on?

A

level of metabolism

52
Q

where does gas exchange occur?

A

capillaries

53
Q

what is the partial pressure of O2 in air?

A

160mls of mercury, 21% O2 in air = 160mls of mecury in air

54
Q

what happens partial pressures of CO2 and O2 in alveloi capillaries?

A

Pp of O2 decreases and Pp of CO2 increases because external air is mixing with internal air composition

55
Q

how is CO2 transported around the body?

A

7% via plasma, 93% via globin part of haemoglobin

56
Q

what controls our drive to breathe?

A

carbon dixoide

57
Q

in bodily tissues we have 40mls of mercury haemoglobin, 70% saturation what is it during exercise?

A

decreases to <20mls Hg, great capacity for O2 delivery

58
Q

what happens the relationship between haemoglobin and O2 during exercise?

A

Bohr shift - CO2 produced during exercise, decreases blood pH, decreases affinity of haemoglobin for O2
HOWEVER, lower pH gives O2 greater capacity to be delivered to tissues from haemoglobin

59
Q

what happens when pH level falls due to increased CO2 during exercise?

A

cerebrospinal fluid signals medulla causing increased rate and depth of breathing - increasing O2 uptake

60
Q

how much oxygen do we consume regularly vs exercising?

A

regularly: 250mls/ excerising males: 3600/4000/5100mls

61
Q

how is oxygen consumption measured?

A

VO2 max

62
Q

what is VO2 max dependent on?

A

performance of cardiovascular and respiratory system

63
Q

what is hypoxia?

A

body senses change in oxygen at around 88mmHg Pp of oxygen at high altitudes

64
Q

hypertension?

A

higher than normal blood pressure

FC2O Lecture MCQ2 (14 decks)

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