L26 Flashcards
what are naive totipotent cells?
Beginning of embryo, unspecialised cells (potential to specialise into other cells)
What cells cant stem cells become?
Trophectoderm cells, however, can become any other cell type of 200 (pluripotent)
What cells do not differentiate to specific cell type?
Stem cells and germ cells (eggs and sperm)
Explain the differentiation of embryonic cells
At first, undifferentiated with all genes in DNA turned off.
Exposure to different environments activates a gene eg myoD. transcriptoin factor makes mRNA of the gene
Untouched embryonic Cell type is developing into muscle cell (myoblast)
Explain the final terminal differentation
Myoblast cell becomes a fully differentiated muscle cell
MyoD is locked in place which binds to its own promoter to form a loop of transcription of its own mRNA
Leads to more transcription factors being made and turning on more muscle related genes on
forming myosin and other muscle proteins
What is genomic equivalence
differentiated cells contain all DNA required to build new organism
Where are embryonic stem cells harvest from?
inner cell mass within mammalian blastocyst
What is iPS?
Induced pluripotent cells
reprogramming adult skin cells into pluripotent cells
What are Adult stem cells, what potent are they? What can they divide into?
Stem cells can divide without limit
produce replacement cells (eg for replacement of skin or blood)
undifferentiated, multipotent cells
Able to give rise to stem cells and specialised cells
What are umbilical cord stem cells? what potent are they?
immature blood Stem cells are collected from umbilical cord
Multipotent
Can be used to treat blood diseases
Adult stem cells renewal tissues why is it important?
-stem cells divide into stem cell and progenitor cell
progenitor cell can divide and become a specialised cell
Important as blood and skin cells die and need to be replaces
What are haematopietic stem cells?
blood stem cells in bone marrow
What is integrative gene therapy?
For monogentic disorder, insertion via virus’s of good copy of broken gene into individual’s stem cells
Stem cells are injected back into patient
What is regenerative medicine?
Usage of pluripotent cells to repair or replace damaged organs or tissues
Pluripotent cells are encouraged to differentiate into specialised cells
these cells can be transplanted into patients
eg retinal pigment epithelial cell grafts (used to reverse vision loss with macular degeneration)
