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a. SL12102: The science of medicines > L24 - Liver Anatomy And Function > Flashcards

L24 - Liver Anatomy And Function Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the four lobes in the liver?

A
  • left
  • right
  • caudate
  • quadrate
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2
Q

What is the superios upper face of the liver called?

A

Diahphragmatic surface

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3
Q

Where is the gallbladder located?

A

Visceral surface
- faces adj abdominal organs (downwards)

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4
Q

What is the liver made up of? What does it contain?

A

Lobules
- hepatocytes, blood vessels, bile canliculi

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5
Q

What is the portal triad?

A
  • bile duct
  • portal vein
  • hepatic artery
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6
Q

Where does liver receive blood from?

A
  • heart
  • GI tract
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7
Q

What does the hepatic portal vein deliver?

A

Poorly oxygenatwd blood from the GI tract

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8
Q

What does the hepatic artery deliver?

A

Oxygenated blood from the heart

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9
Q

Why does the hepatic portal vein and the hepatic artery divide into two?

A

To supply left and right side of the liver

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10
Q

Where does blood flow? And where does bile flow?

A

Blood - hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery to central vein
Bile - opposite direction

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11
Q

What are the hepatic functions of the liver?

A
  • exocrine (digestive, bile salts and HCO3-)
  • cholesterol metabolism
  • organic and drug metabolism
  • endocrine (peptides and hormones)
  • clotting (plasma cf)
  • secretes plasma proteins
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12
Q

What is bile synthesised by? Where is it stored?

A
  • liver
  • in the gallbladder
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13
Q

What are the components produced by?

A
  • hepatocytes
  • epithelial cells
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14
Q

What do hepatocytes produce in the exocrine function?

A
  • bile salts (solubilise fats)
  • cholesterol
  • phospholipids
  • bile pigments
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15
Q

What do epithelial cells produce in the exocrine function?

A
  • HCO3- (neutralises stomach acid
    = secretion triggered by secretin from SI in response to FA in diet
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16
Q

During a meal, what does the gall bladder do? What is it stimulated by?

A
  • contracts and releases bile into duodenum via sphincter of oddi
  • stimulated by cholecystokinin from SI (triggered by FA)
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17
Q

What is the enterohepatic circulation?

A

Flow and release of bile/bile salts

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18
Q

What happens to bile salts during a fatty meal?

A

Absorbed into SI by Na+ coupled transporters

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19
Q

What do hepatocytes absorb?

A

Bile salts from the blood
- secrete back into bile

20
Q

What are new bile salts synthesised from?

A

cholesterol

21
Q

Where does the liver extract salts cholesterol from? What does it secrete it into?

A
  • from the blood
  • into bile/faeces
22
Q

What is cholesterol like?

A

Insoluble but forms micelles

23
Q

What does the sequestering of bile in SI by dietary fibres prevent?

A

Enterohepatic recirculation

24
Q

What is cholesterol required for? Where is it synthesised in the body?

A
  • membrane, bile synthesis, precursoe to steroid hormones
  • liver by HMG-CoA
25
Q

How are cholesterol level maintained in normal range?

A

Increased dietary cholesterol supressing HMG-CoA

26
Q

Where are saturated fatty acids found in? What does it do to plasma cholesterol?

A
  • red meat/cheese/whole milk
  • increases plasma cholesterol
27
Q

Where are polyunsaturated/monounsaturated fatty acids found in? What does it do to plasma cholesterol?

A
  • olive/peanut oil
  • decrease plasma cholesterol
28
Q

How does cholesterol circulate?

A

Lipoprotein complexes (chylomicrons, etc.)

29
Q

What do low density lipoprotein cholesterol carriers do?

A

Deliver cholesterol to cells

30
Q

What do high density lipoproteins do?

A

Remove cholesterol from plasma and deliver to liver

31
Q

What is atherosclerotic disease?

A

Deposition of cholesterol in arter walls
= increased risk of heart attack

32
Q

What are important factors for atherosclerotic disease?

A

Ratio of LDL to HDL
- smoking dec HDL, wl inc it
- oestrogen lowers LDL, raises HDL

33
Q

What is familial hypercholesterolaemia?

A

decreased LDL receptors
- inc circulating cholesterols

34
Q

What are gallstones?

A

Crystallisation of cholesterol in gallbladder

35
Q

What do gallstones lead to?

A
  • blocked gallbladder/bile duct = prevents fat digestion/absorption)
  • dec in absorption of fat soluble vitamins (ADE), clotting problems
  • bacteria acting on unabsorbed fat = diarrhoea, fluid loss
  • blocked pancreatic secretions = build up of bilirubin
36
Q

What is jaundice?

A

Excess bilirubin
(Can occur in liver disease and haemolytic anaemia)

37
Q

What are the plasma proteins?

A
  • albumin
  • globulins (immunoglobuling/abods)
  • fibrinogen (blood clotting cascade)
38
Q

Where is albumin synthesised, circulate and its function?

A
  • liver
  • plasma
  • osmolarity of plasma, carrier molecule for substances/drugs
39
Q

What is the bile in the liver essential in the absorption of?

A

Lipid soluble vitamin K in SI

40
Q

What is vitamin K essential for?

A

Production of prothrombin (cf)

41
Q

What does the liver secrete in response to inc levels of GH?

A

Insuling-like growth factor -1 (IGF-1)

42
Q

What does IGF-1 do?

A

Act in synergy with GH
= bone choncdrocytes to undergo cell div

43
Q

What does liver hydroxylase enzymes metabolise?

A

Dietary (D2), sunlight-derived (D3) vit D to 1,25-(OH)2D-calcitriol (actiive form)

44
Q

What does calcitrol stimulate?

A

SI absorption of calcium required for bones

45
Q

What does the liver do in the homeostatic function?

A
  • produce angiotensinogen (cleaved = angiotensin I by the action of renin)
  • renin secreted by kidneys (drop in BP)
  • activation og AngI to AngII = vasoconstriction and Na+/H2O retention
46
Q

What is does the liver do in the immune function?

A
  • key detector of pathogens through GI tract
  • filets blood from hepatic portal vein
  • pathogens detected by macrophage-like (kupffer) cells
47
Q

What are liver diseases and what are they caused by?

A
  • alcoholic liver disease (exc alc)
  • non-alcoholic liver disease (obesity)
  • hepatitis (viral infection, exc alc)
  • haemochromatosis (gen disease, build of Fe)
  • cirrhosis (liver scarring, failure//viral, alc,drugs, metabolic factors)
  • hepatotoxic medications (drug induced)

a. SL12102: The science of medicines (33 decks)

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