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a. SL12102: The science of medicines > L4 - Roles Of Dosage Forms And Excipients > Flashcards

L4 - Roles Of Dosage Forms And Excipients Flashcards

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1
Q

Why are drugs not administered as pure substanes?

A
  • human errors
  • difficult to accurately weigh every time

= need to formulate the dosage form

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2
Q

What are dosage forms?

A

The means by which drug molecuels are delivered to sites of action within the body

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3
Q

What do we need in a dosage form?

A
  • accurate dosing
  • protection and shelf-life
  • protection from gastric juice
  • mask test and odour
  • placement of drugs directly within body tissues
  • sustained/controlled release medication
  • insertion of drugs into body cavities
  • use of desired vehicle for insoluble drugs
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4
Q

What is an excipient? And what should it be?

A
  • All the other components of a formulation other than the API
  • should be chemically and physiologically iner
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5
Q

What are some uses for excipients?

A
  • help processing of the system during manufacture annd accurate dose control
  • control rate of absroption
  • protect, support or enhance stability, bioavailability/acceptability
  • assist in product identification
  • enhance overall safety and effectiveness of the drug during storage and use
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6
Q

What are differences in in-vivo absoprtion due to?

A

The excipients used in the formulation

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7
Q

Why formulate to control dose?

A
  • Patient unlikely to be able to measure this amount
  • difficult to manufacture - blend uniformity
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8
Q

When can you not make a tablet (regarding dose)?

A

When the drug has poor flow/compressability

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9
Q

Why are some tablets film coated?

A

Avoids gastric mucosal irritation
= peptic and mucosal ulers
= dyspepsia
= severe gastric pain and bleeding

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10
Q

What are the types of dosage forms?

A
  • route of administration
  • physical form
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11
Q

What are some routes of administration?

A
  • oral
  • topical
  • transdermal
  • rectal
  • parenteral
  • vaginal
  • inhaled
  • ophthalmic
  • otic
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12
Q

What are some physical forms?

A
  • solid
  • semisolid
  • liquid
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13
Q

What is a tablet>

A

Hard, compressed medication in round, oval or square shape

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14
Q

What do excipient include in tablets?

A
  • diluetns, binders, glidants and dry lubricants: ensure compressability, flow and efficient tabletting
  • disintegrants: ensure tablet breaks up in the GI track
  • sweeteners/ film coating: taste masking
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15
Q

What are some requirements for an ideal oral solid dosage form? (6)

A
  • remain stable
  • bioavailable (releases drug in GIT)
  • uniform drug content
  • robust and resistant to disintegration during handling
  • easy, cost effective to mass produce
  • pleasent to take
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16
Q

What is a buccal/sublingual tablet? + features

A

Meds administered by placing them in the mouth (tongue or between gum and cheek)

  • dissolve rapidly
  • absorbed through the mucous membrane into blood strea,
  • (bypasses the stomach and liver)
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17
Q

What are effervescent tablets? + features

A

Contain acid substances, react rapidly in the presene of water to effervesce
= dissolve or disperse in water

  • rapid dispersion and dissolution
  • pleasent tasting
  • lubricant needs to be water soluble to release drugs
  • tablet packaging is critical for stability
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18
Q

What are capsules? And what are the 2 main types?

A

Formulation contained in gelating or hydrozypropyl methilcellulose matrix

  • hard-shelled: dry powdered ingredients
  • soft-shelled: oils and active ingredients dissolved or suspended in oils
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19
Q

What are oral granules?

A
  • solid, dry aggregates of powder
  • places on the tongue and swallowed with water or dissolved in
20
Q

What are fast dissolving oral delivery formulations? + features

A
  • solid dosage form that dissolves or disintegrates rapidly in oral cavity
  • tablet disperses in saliva
    -absorbed from the mouth, pharynx and oesophagus
  • either porous or soft moulded matrices or tablets
  • peel-off blister
21
Q

What are types of liquid preparations?

A
  • solutions
  • emulsions
  • suspensions
  • syrups
  • elixir
  • linctus
  • oral drops
22
Q

What are solutions?

A

Clear liquid preparations for oral use

Solvents: alcohol, glycerin or propylene glycol and purified water

23
Q

What are emulsions?

A

Stabalised oil-in-water dispersions

24
Q

What are suspensions

A

Liquid preparations for oral use that contain one or more APIs suspensed in suitable vehicles
- purified water with cellulose derivative polymers and thickening agents

25
Q

What are syrups?

A

Conc. aq, solution of sugar
- masks taste

26
Q

What are elixirs?

A

Pleasently flavoured clear liquid
- high proportion of ethanol in purified water and sucrose + antimicrobial preservatives
= confers the stability of the prep

27
Q

What are linctuses?

A

Viscous, liquid oral preparations: described for the relief of cough
- high proportions of syrup and glycerol = demulcent effect
- dose is typically small

28
Q

What are oral drops?

A

Liquid preparations for oral use to be administered in small volumes
- can be solutions, suspensions or emulsions

29
Q

What are topical dosage forms?

A
  • ointments
  • creams
  • gels
30
Q

What are ointments?

A

Viscous, semi-solid, greasy preparations

  • base usually anhydrous and immiscible with skin secretions
  • used as emollients/apply suspended or dissolved medicaments to the skin
31
Q

What are creams? And the 2 types?

A

Semi-solid emulsions, mixture of oil and water
- oi-in-water (O/W)
- water-in-oil (W/O)

32
Q

What are O/W creams features?

A
  • more comfortable
  • less greasy and more easily washed off
33
Q

What are W/O benefits?

A
  • more difficult to handle
  • many drugs which are incorporated into creams are hydrophobic
  • will be released more readily from W/O
  • more moisturising: provide an oily barrier, reduces water loss from the stratum corneum
34
Q

What are gels? And what are they used for?

A
  • Semi-solid system in which a liquid phase is constrained within a 3D polymeric matrix having a high degree of physical or chemical cross-linking
  • medication, lubrication and some misc application like carrier for spermicidal agents to be used intra vaginally
35
Q

What are transdermal patches?

A

Medicated adhesives that are placed to deliver a specific dose of medication through the skin into the bloodstream

36
Q

What are the advantages of transdermal patches?

A

Provides a controlled release of the medicament

37
Q

What are suppositories/pessaries? What are they made by?

A

Suppositories: solid dosage forms for administration via rectum, vagina or urethra that melts, softens or dissolves
- dissolving or dispersing the active ingredient in a base, poured into a mould and solidifies

38
Q

What are parenteral dosage forms?

A

Injections
- an infusion method of putting liquid into the body

39
Q

What are the different forms of injections?

A
  • Intravenous (IV)
  • Intramuscular
  • Subcutaneous
40
Q

What are IV injections? + advantages

A

Liquid admistired directly into the bloodstream

  • rapid onset
  • 100% of drug is bioavailable
41
Q

What are Intramuscular injections?

A

Injections of a substance directly into a muscle

  • may either be absorbed fairly quickly or more gradually
  • deltoid muscle, vastus laterails, gluteal muscles
42
Q

What are subcutaneous injections? + advantages

A

Injections given by injecting a fluid into the subcutis (layer of fatty tissue directly below the dermis
- highly effective in administering vaccines

43
Q

What are inhaled dosage forms?

A

Any drug or solution of drug administered by the nal or oral respiratory tract

  • prepared as solutions, suspensions or a dry powder
44
Q

What are the different types of DDDs for inhalers?

A
  • pressuries metered dose inhaler (pMDI)
    = standard inhalers, spacers
  • dry powder inhaler (DPI)
    = active inhaler, passive inhalers
  • liquid dose inhaler (LDI) Nebuliser
    = pneumatic, ultrasonic
45
Q

What are opthalmic dosage forms?

A

Saline containing drops used for medication in the eye

  • steoid, antihistamines, topical anesthetics
  • sometimes lubricating, tear replacing
46
Q

What are ophthalmic ointments?

A

Sterile semi-solid preparations for application to the conjuctive or eyelid margin

47
Q

What are otic dosage forms?

A

Ear drops
- solutions, suspensions or emulsion instilled into the ear with a dropper

  • used to treat/prevent ear infections

a. SL12102: The science of medicines (25 decks)

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