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a. SL12102: The science of medicines > L21 - GI Tract Structure > Flashcards

L21 - GI Tract Structure Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the GI system?

A

A network of organs and specialised cells - enable you to transform the food you eat into the energy and nutrients required for life

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2
Q

What are the different parts of the GI tract?

A
  • mouth
  • oesophagus
  • stomach
  • small intestine
  • large intestine
  • anus
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3
Q

What are the accessory organs in the GI tract?

A
  • salivary glands
  • liver
  • gallblader
  • pancreas
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4
Q

What is the mesentery?

A

Membranous tissue that surround organs of the GI tract

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5
Q

What does the mesentery do?

A
  • holds intestines in place
  • provides blood vessels and lymphatics
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6
Q

What are the different parts of the mouth?

A
  • teeth
  • tongue
  • mucous membranes
  • pharynx and epiglottis
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7
Q

What is the main function of the mouth?

A

To chew food

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8
Q

What is the pharyn and epiglottis and their function?

A

Muscular flaps in the throat
- prevents food travelling to the lungs

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9
Q

What is the oesophagus?

A

Tube like structure

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10
Q

What does the oesophagus do?

A

Involuntary movement of food bolus
- transports food bolus to the stomach

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11
Q

What does the stomach do?

A
  • mixing
  • protein digestion
  • fat emulsification
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12
Q

What does the stomach contain?

A
  • HCl
  • pepsin
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13
Q

What are the different layers of the stomach wall?

A
  • mucosa
  • submucosa
  • muscularis externa
  • serosa
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14
Q

What are the different types of cell types in the stomach wall? And what do they secrete?

A
  • mucous neck cell - mucus, protects lining
  • parietal cells - HCl, intrinsic factor
  • enterchromaffin-like cell - histamine
  • chief cells - pepsin(ogen), gastric lipase
  • D cells - somatostatin, inhibits acid
  • G cells - gastrin, stimulates acid
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15
Q

What is the small intestine?

A

Longest part of the GI tract
- main site of absorption
- primary site of breakdown (CHO, proteins, fats)

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16
Q

What are the 3 section of the SI?

A
  • duodenum
  • jejunum
  • illeum
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17
Q

What are the different cells in the SI? And what do they do?

A
  • absorptive cells - absorbs nutrients
  • goblet cell - secretes mucus
  • enteroendocrine cell - secretes hormones: secretinm chlolecystokinin)
  • paneth cell - secretes lysozymes, capable of phagocytosis
18
Q

What is the purpose of the villus?

A
  • increase SA
  • absorption
19
Q

What are the crypts of lieberkuhn?

A

Invaginations formed between the villi

20
Q

What are the cells in the crypts of lieberkuhn and what are their function?

A
  • paneth cells - defensins, antimicrobial, lysosymes, phagocytic
  • stem cells - regeneration
  • goblet cells - mucous
21
Q

What is the function of the large intestine?

A
  • water and ion conservation
  • bulk movement of faeces
  • storage
  • defaecation
22
Q

What are the pupose of the salivary glands?

A
  • lubrication - mucus
  • protection - thiocyanate, lysosymes
  • digestion - amylase, lipase
23
Q

What are the different salivary glands?

A
  • parotid gland
  • submandibular gland
  • sublingual gland
24
Q

What are the functions of the liver?

A
  • bile production
  • excretion
25
Q

What is the function of the gallblader?

A
  • concentrating reservoir for bile
  • deliver bile to the deodenum in response to meals
26
Q

What is the function of the pancreas?

A
  • makes enzymes to digest proteins, fats, and CHO
  • produces the hormones insuling and glucagon
27
Q

What are the functions of the GI system?

A
  • ingestion
  • secretion
  • movement
  • digestion
  • absorption
  • excretion
28
Q

What is ingestion?

A

The process of taking in food, drink, through the mouth

29
Q

What is secretion?

A

The release of substances that contribute to digestion

30
Q

What are the different types of movement?

A
  • segmentation
  • peristalsis
31
Q

What is digestion?

A

Breakdown of food into smaller component that can be absorbed into the bloodstream

32
Q

What are the types of digestion?

A
  • mechanical digestion
  • chemical digestion
33
Q

What is mechanical digestion?

A

Physically breaking down food substances into smaller particles
- mastication
- peristaltic contractions
- gastric acids

34
Q

What is chemical digestion?

A

Use of enzymes to breakdown food

35
Q

What are the products to the breakdown of these particles?

A

Fats -> FA and monoglycerides
Nucleic acids -> nucleotides
Polysaccharides, CHO sugars -> monosaccharides
Proteins -> amino acids

36
Q

What is absorption?

A

The process through which nutrients, water and electrolytes enter the blood

37
Q

What is excretion?

A

The process by which metabolic waste is eliminated from the body

38
Q

What is the role of the GI tract in immune function?

A
  • first line of defence against pathogens
  • divers microbiome that contributes to immune regulation
  • gut-resident immune cells
39
Q

What does the microbiome prevent?

A

Overgrowth of harmful bacteria

40
Q

What do cells secrete in terms of the immune function?

A
  • mucus
  • antimicrobial peptides

a. SL12102: The science of medicines (26 decks)

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