L2: What is a medicine? Flashcards

1
Q

what is drug absorption?

A

the uptake of non-metabolised drug, after release from its formulation, from the site of delivery to the systemic circulation

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2
Q

what are the routes of delivery? (9)

A
  • oral
  • injections (intravenous/muscular/dermal, subcutaneous)
  • implants
  • topical and transdermal
  • pulmonary (inhalation)
  • nasal
  • buccal and sublingual
  • ocular, otic
  • rectal, vaginal
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3
Q

what is the aim of medicines design?

A

to get the right drug to the right place at the right dose and at the right rate

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4
Q

what does this depend on (aim of med designs)?

A
  • type of drug and situation/case
  • physical/chemical properties of the drug and dosage
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5
Q

what else do you control if you control the rate and extent of absorption?

A

the onset, duration and intensity of biological effect, and the +ve effect on the patient

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6
Q

What is a drug?

A
  • drug is the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), the chemical moiety in a medicine which is responsible for the therapeutic effect
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7
Q

What is a medicine?

A

API plus excipients
- dependent on the dosage form and desired drug release

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8
Q

what is dosage form?

A

the physical form in which medication is produced and administered

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9
Q

types of dosage forms (5)

A
  • tablets
  • capsules
  • liquids
  • topicals
  • inhalers
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10
Q

what are major considerations in design of dosage form? (3)

A
  • the physiochemical properties of the drug
  • biopharmaceutical considerations
  • therapeutic considerations of the disease state and patient to be treated
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11
Q

what are biopharmaceutical considerations?

A
  • how the administration route of a dosage form affects rate and extent of drug absorption into the body
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12
Q

what do therapeutic considerations determine? (4)

A
  • most suitable type of dosage form
  • possible routes of administration
  • the most suitable duration of action
  • dose frequency
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13
Q

what are enteric coated formulations?

A

layer of protection on the medicine that prevents it from being dissolved in the stomach

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14
Q

what is drug delivery system (DDS)?

A

method of delivery of the drug (pharmaceutical compound) to achieve a therapeutic effect

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15
Q

what are examples of DDSs? (4)

A
  • controlled-release systems
  • transdermal patches
  • injectable systems
  • nanoparticles and liposomes
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16
Q

what are the steps in drug discovery and pre-clinical development? (6)

A
  • target identification and validation
  • drug screening -> hit/lead compound
  • lead optimization
  • formulation development
  • pharmacokinetics and toxicity
  • clinical development
17
Q

drug absorption in the GI tract

A

oral delivery:
- swallowed
- into stomach (dissolved w/o coating)
- into small int. (dissolved w/ coating)
- into ascending, transverse and descending colon
- excreted if not dissolved and absorbed

18
Q

what veins do the intestines go into?

A

Inferior mesenteric vein
- transverse colon
- descending colon
superior mesenteric vein
- small int.
- ascending colon

into the portal vein into the liver

19
Q

Steps of drug absorption in the GI tract

A
  • solid breaks apart
  • particles dissolve forming solution
  • absorption across epithelium
20
Q

What are some problems with the drug absroption in the GI track?

A
  • digestive/bacterial enzymes can damage them
  • efflux: metabolic enzymes can pump out the molecules as a for of protection from potentially harmful molecules
21
Q

What are factors that affect absorption of small drugs? (4)

A
  • pH: ionises, solubility
  • hydrogen bonding (must be broken)
  • size: greater size = greater time of absorption
  • lypophilicity: has to be balanced so can go in and out of cells
22
Q

What is pharmaceutics?

A

The science of making medicines

23
Q

What is biopharmaceutics a study of?

A

The interaction of the medicine with the biological system, allowing the optimisation of DDS

24
Q

What does biopharmaceutics includes? (7)

A
  • chemistry: organic and physical
  • chemical analysis
  • physical tests
  • pre-formulation and formulation science
  • disintegration, liberation and dissolution tests
  • bioavailability studies
  • bioequivalence studies
25
What is bioavailability?
Measure of the quantity of drug which reaches its site of action and the rate at which it gets there
26
What is the equation for bioavailability?
F = Fa x Fg x Fh F: net oral bioavailability Fa: fraction absorbed Fg: fraction escapoing GI Fh: fraction escaping hepactic metabolism
27
What is pharmacokinetics?
What the body does to the drug
28
What is pharmacodynamics (PD)?
What the drug does to the body
29
What are the determinants of pharamacokinetics?
ADME - liberation - absorption - distribution - metabolism - excretion
30
Plasma conc vs time (oral administration)
Duration of action: when the conc of drug in plasma is above minimum effective conc (MEC) - therapeutic range