L2.1 Neutrophils and macrophages in control of infection

Question 1

features of neutrophils

Answer 1

short lived
numerous
rapid infiltration infected itssue 
has granules
phagoctyic 
does oxidative killing

Question 2

features of macrophages

Answer 2

range from short lived to long lived
-diverse
-adapt to diff types of inflamm
does Nitorgen based killing

Question 3

types of receptors innvolved in phagocytosis

Answer 3

opsonic and non opsonic receptors

Question 4

what is opsonic receptors

Answer 4

interacts with AB stuck to pathgen

Question 5

non opsonic receptors meaning

Answer 5

receptor that interacts with the pathogen directly

Question 6

process of phagocytosis

Answer 6

the receptors interacts with pathogen or AB

• pathogen taken in and transported in phagosome
• phaogosome fuses with lysosomes to form phagolysosome
• pathogen broken down and killed off

Question 7

types of neutrophil granules

Answer 7

primary, seco, terti

Question 8

one eg of each neutrophil ggranule groups

Answer 8

1- lysosome
2-lactoferrin- extract Fe ion
3- gelatinase

Question 9

what is NADPH oxidase

Answer 9

multi unit enzyme that produces toxic molecules using O2 to kill off MOs

Question 10

process of oxidative killing using NAPH enzymes

Answer 10

• binding to the enzymes activates this
• transports superoxide anions into the phagosome lumen
• anions gets converted into hydrogen peroxide
• then into hypocholric acid (bleach)
• this kills MOs off

Question 11

what is the disease called when there is NADPH oxidase deficiency

Answer 11

CGD

Question 12

how dooes neutrophils die and through what process

Answer 12

by NETosis

• where the nuclear membrane break down
• chromatiin and DNA de condenses
• membrane ruptures
• the chromatin act like traps to catch any MOs
• other molecules helps like peptides, elastase

Question 13

two kinds of macrophages

Answer 13

tissue resident and inflammatory

Question 14

what the tissue resident macropahges

Answer 14

dervived from foetal progenitors (fetal stem cells), not from bone marrow

Question 15

function of tissue resident macropahges

Answer 15

always in tissue as a barrier to pathogens

Question 16

what are the inflamm macrophages

Answer 16

dervived from monocytes

- monocytes enter tissues then differentiate into macrophages

Question 17

what is M1 macrophage

Answer 17

macrophages that is classically activated
- typically by IFN-γ (LPS), and produce proinflammatory cytokines, phagocytize microbes, and initiate an immune response.

Question 18

what can M1 macrophage produce that is very toxic

Answer 18

nitric oxide

Question 19

what is M2 maocrphages

Answer 19

alternatively activated by IL-1, IL-5

- produces urea and ornthine

Question 20

name of process where neutrophils and macropahge move where they are needed

Answer 20

chemotaxis

Question 21

chemotaxis process

Answer 21

• neutrophils and macropahges rolling in the plasma
• somehow they connect with E-selectin (endothelial cell)
• other cell surface molecules nd receptors tightly bind to these phago cells
• the phago cells squeeze between the membrane
• chemokines interact with the cells and initiate signalling

Question 22

what is CARD9

Answer 22

CLRs (receptors mainly recognising fungi) use CARD9 to signal for pahocytosis, chemokine production, respiratory burst

Question 23

when theres CARD9 mutation, why is there a brain infection

Answer 23

without the CARD9, the immune system cant signal to kill the fungal mass by phagocytosis

Question 24

is the process of chemotaxis working normally w/o CARD9

Answer 24

yes apart from when the neutrophils cant interact with chemokines

Question 25

what makes neutrohil attracting chemokines

Answer 25

when fungnal brain infection deteced, the CARD9+ microglia produces them