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II > 9.1 Biology of HIV and AIDS > Flashcards

9.1 Biology of HIV and AIDS Flashcards

1
Q

is there a cure for HIV

A

no

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2
Q

what do infected indiviudals need to take for life

A

anti viral drugs to stop viral repilcation of HIV in the host cells

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3
Q

what type of virus is HIV

A

+ssRNA - has ttwo particles of them

- lentivirus

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4
Q

subtypes of HIV

A

HIV-1 and HIV-2

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5
Q

what is an animal resevior

A

where the virus can grow and replicate and be transmitted from

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6
Q

origins of HIV-1

A

chimpan zees and gorilla

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7
Q

origins of HIV2

A

in the west africa

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8
Q

differences between HIV 1 and 2

A

hiv2 RESTRICTED int he africa

  • HIV2 viral load lower than HIV 1
  • HIV2 has a lowe transmission rate than HIV1
  • most people with HIV2 doesn’t progress to AIDS
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9
Q

how many lineages does HIV2 have and the transmission rate between them

A

8

  • A-B spread within the humans
  • C-H - infected humans but no transmission
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10
Q

how many lineages of HIV1

and what are they

A

4

  • M - pandemic
  • O
  • N
  • P
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11
Q

how many subtypes of group M of HIV 1 are there

A

9

  • leading to high risk individuals > muitlpe infections
  • there’s little difference between the groups
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12
Q

stages of HIV lifecyle

A
  1. attachment
  2. fusion
  3. unocating where the capsid is released
  4. reverse transcription
  5. nuclear import
  6. integration of viral DNA into the cell’s DNA
  7. transcription
  8. nuclear export of mRNA
  9. protein synthesis of the vrial proteins
  10. assembly of the proteins and released into outside
  11. maturation
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13
Q

what receptor of the HIV interact with what receptors on the host cell so the virus can fuse

A

gp120 on the HIV surface interacting with host receptors of CD4 and co receptor on the T cell

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14
Q

how does the interaction wit CD4 receptor lead to fusion

A
  • once the receptors are bound between the virus and the host cell
  • causes conformational change
  • releases fusion peptide into the plasma membrane
  • brings the virus close
  • leads to direct fusion between HIV envelope and T cells
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15
Q

what does the HIV need to do to make the infection permanent

A

-

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16
Q

stages in the HIV lifecycle where HIV can be intertuppted

A

-binding
-fusion
reverse transcription
integration
maturation

17
Q

what drugs can inhibit reverse transcription of HIV RNA to DNA

A

nucleoside (NRTIs) and non nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs)

18
Q

mechanism of action of NRTIs

A
  • put itself in the viral DNA
  • compete with virus nucelosides
  • inhibit transcription so inhibting HIV replication
19
Q

does NRTIs have an effect on infected cells

A

no

20
Q

how does NRTIs incorporate into the host cell

A

the phosphate groups of the nucleioside in the drug form a bond with hydroxyl group of the viral nuceloside

21
Q

mechanism of NNRTIs

A

-bind directly to the reverse rranscriptase so blocks consversion of RNA into DNA

22
Q

function of HIV protease

A

cleavea HIV polyprotieins into structrual proteins and enxymes
- essential for assembly of the virus

23
Q

mechanisms of protease inhibtiors (PIs)

A
  • inhibits the cleavage of the HIV protease

- so HIV not released fromt the host cells

24
Q

What cells does the HIV infect

A

T, B, dendritic cells

- the virus would be delivered to the lymph nodes where active viral replication can occur

25
Q

diff between acute and chronic infection of HIV

A

acute is the inital stage of HIV and last until the body makes ABs
- chronic is the stage after the viral replication takes place at low levels

26
Q

what happends to the T cells during acute infection

A

CD4 T cells decline temp

  • CD8 T cells increase temp
  • anti HIV ABs appear
27
Q

symptoms of acute infection infection

A

swollen lymph nodes, fever, rash

28
Q

what is AIDS

A

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

  • acquired after HIV
  • increases vunleerbaility to infection s
  • decreased activity of the IS
29
Q

why does HIV envolve rapidly

A

the replication is error-prone and has high viral load

30
Q

what do HIV drugs do in general

A

suppress replciation

  • taken for life
  • effective if only the replication is blocked completely
31
Q

how does the mutation interfre with the mechanism of NRTIS

A

removes the NRTIs from the viral RNA

32
Q

how does the mutation interfere with NNRTIs

A

cant block the process of reverse transctiptase

33
Q

why is it hard to make a vaccine for HIV

A
  • big varaibility of HIV
  • glyco shielding of the envelope of glycoprotein around the virus
  • immune escape
34
Q

how does glycan envelope fo the virus prevent HIV drugs interactions

A

restrict the penetration of AB into the envelope

II (21 decks)

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