L.18 Viscera - 2

Question 1

L.O

Answer 1

Identify and be able to describe the location, general anatomical relationships and basic functions of the viscera contained within the:
- cranial and vertebral cavities.
- thoracic cavity.
- abdominal cavity.
- pelvic cavity (in male and female).

Question 2

Cranial Cavity Anatomical relationships

Answer 2

Cerebral Hemisphere:
- Anterior and superior to cerebellum and spinal cord

Cerebellum:
- Posterior to cerebrum, superior to brainstem and spinal cord

Brain stem:
- Inferior to cerebrum, anterior to cerebellum, superior to spinal cord

Spinal cord:
- Inferior and posterior to brain

Question 3

Basic Functions of Cranial cavity Viscera

Answer 3

Cerebral Hemisphere:
- Controls voluntary movement, higher thought processes, emotions, complex tasks

Cerebellum:
- Controls physical movements, regulates balance learned movements, controls motor coordination

Brain stem:
- Connects brain and spinal cord, controls involuntary body functions

Spinal cord:
- Communicates sensory and autonomic messages between brain and body
- Allows brain to interact with external environments

Question 4

Thoracic Cavity Viscera Anatomical relationships

Answer 4

Right Lung:
- Lateral right of heart, oesophagus and trachea

Heart and great vessels:
- Medial to lungs, anterior to trachea and oesophagus

Left Lung:
- Lateral left of heart, oesophagus and trachea

Trachea and bronchi:
- Posterior to heart, anterior to oesophagus, medial to lungs

Oesophagus:
- Posterior to trachea and bronchi, medial to lungs

Thryoid gland:
- Superior to heart and lungs, anterior to trachea and oesophagus

Question 5

Thoracic Cavity Viscera Basic Functions

Answer 5

Right and Left Lungs:
- Oxygenate blood, remove CO2

Heart and great vessels:
- Pump blood around the body, distribute gases and nutrients, remove waste to waste systems

Trachea and bronchi:
- Allow passage of air into and out of lungs

Oesophagus:
- Allow passage of food and drinks into stomach

Thryoid gland:
- Makes thyroid hormone, for getting O2 into cells for metabolism

Question 6

Anatomical Positioning of Abdominal Cavity Viscera

Answer 6

Liver:
- Lateral right to stomach and duodemum, superior to large intestine and right kidney

Gall bladder:
- Inferior and anterior to liver, inferior and lateral right of stomach

Stomach:
- Lateral left of liver, inferior to liver, Superior to large intestine

Large Intestine:
- Inferior to stomach, Superior to duodenum

Duodenum:
- Inferior to large intestine and liver, medial and posterior to stomach

Pancreas:
- Inferior to stomach, posterior and superior to large intestine

Small intestine:
- Inferior to liver, inferior and medial to large intestine

Spleen:
- Lateral left and superior to large intestine, posterior and lateral left of stomach

Right kidney:
- Inferior and posterior to liver, posterior to large intestine

Left Kidney:
- inferior and posterior to spleen and stomach, posterior to large intestine

Question 7

Abdominal Cavity Viscera basic functions

Answer 7

Liver:
- Break down nutrients and chemical in blood
- Produce bile

Gall bladder:
- Store bile to break down fats

Stomach:
- Store swallowed food
- Mechanical and chemical digestion
- Pass churned food into duodenum

Large Intestine:
- Removes water from digested food to form faeces

Duodenum:
- Mechanical and Chemical digestion
- Provide a site for bile and pancreatic enzymes

Pancreas:
- Makes enzymes to digest proteions, fats, sugars and release into duodenum
- Make and release endocrine hormones (insulin and glucagon)

Small intestine:
- Completes digestion, absorbing nutrients
- Move digested food into large intestine

Spleen:
- Store and filter flood, destroy old RBC, produce WBC and antibodies

Kidneys:
- Filter blood, eliminate excess fluids and salts, removes cellular waste and metabolic byproducts
- Maintin body homeostasis and produce hormones

Question 8

Pelvic cavity anatomical relations

Answer 8

Urinary bladder:
- Anterior to large intestine and rectum, superior to urethra

Ureter:
- Superior lateral of urinary bladder, anterior to rectum and large intestine

Ovary:
- Superior lateral of urinary bladder, anterior to rectum and large intestine

Vagina:
- anterior to rectum, inferior to urinary bladder and ureter

Prostate gland:
- inferior and medial to ureter, inferior and anterior to large intestine

Urethra:
- inferior to urinary bladder, anterior to rectum

Large intestine:
- Superior to urinary bladder and rectum, posterior to ureter

Rectum:
- Inferior to large intestine, posterior to urinary bladder

Question 9

Basic function of Viscera of Pelvic cavity

Answer 9

Urinary bladder:
- Store urine

Ureter:
- transport urine from the renal pelvis to the bladder

Ovary:
- produce eggs for fertilization and they make the hormones estrogen and progesterone

Vagina:
- Menstruation; as a canal for menstrual fluid and tissue to leave the uterine cavity

Prostate gland:
- produce the majority of seminal fluid

Urethra:
- allows urine to pass outside the body from the urinary bladder

Large intestine:
- Hold faeces until passed through the rectum

Rectum:
- Remove faeces from the large intestine.