L.14 Comparative Anatomy 1

Question 1

L.O

Answer 1

• Identify specific bones, bony features and tooth types of the human skull.
• Compare bony features and teeth on human skulls with the skulls of mammal predator and prey species.
• Relate differences in the morphology of the bony pelvis between humans and quadrupedal mammals to function.
• Identify smaller comparative differences between humans and non-human mammals in the caudal vertebrae, coccyx and baculum

Question 2

Evolution

Answer 2

Theory of natural selection:
- Organisms naturally occuring gene mutations helped survive in env. and pass on genes

Organisms have many naturally occuring gene mutations that have no effect on survival however

Question 3

Form and function

Answer 3

Form:
- Shape or morphology of body structure. Therefore related to function

• By studying other forms with their functions, it can shed light on how our own morphology relates to our functions

Question 4

Animal kingdom classes

Answer 4

Animal:
- Feed on organic matter and breate oxygen

Phylum:
- Chordata (Vertebrates)

Question 5

Human skull

Answer 5

Temporal fossa:
- Depression in the side of skull, filled with temparalis muscle used for moving mandible

Orbites face forward, large brain, shallow temporal fossa

Question 6

Non-human skull

Answer 6

Prey species:
- lateral orbits to see behind

Predators:
- Obit face forward and very large temporal fossa for bite power

Question 7

Human teeth

Answer 7

• Attached via roots into sockets in maxilla and mandible called dental alveoli
• 32 teeth, 16 top and bellow (8 in each quater)
• Unspecialized teeth = omnivore

Each quater contains:
- 2 Incisors
- 1 canine
- 2 premolars
- 3 molars (including wisdom tooth)

Question 8

Non-human teeth

Answer 8

Carnivor, Herbivor, Omnivor

Meat:
- Tough, slicing and biting, not much chewing
- Teeth are triangular and jaggered

Plants:
- Fibrous, crushing, lots of chewing
- Teeth are uniform and serrated

Question 9

Pelvis function

Answer 9

Human Bony Pelvis:
- Very specialized
- Walk on 2 limbs
- Give birth to large headed babies
- Support for abdominal viscera

Non-Human Bony Pelvis: (quadrupeal mammals)
- Attach vertebral column to lower limbs
- Babes heads are relatively small, therefore pelvis not as large comparitively

Question 10

Structure of human bony pelvis

Answer 10

• Hip bones + sacrum
• Ilium is wide blade part of the hip bone

Question 11

Human Vs non-human bony pelvis

Answer 11

Human:
- Short, wide, curved iliac blades
- Wide sacrum

Non-human:
- Tall, thin, flat iliac blades
- Narrow sacrum

[heft]

Question 12

Tails

Answer 12

• Tails are made from vertebrae called “caudal vertebrae”
• Humans have remanants of a tail = Coccyx which sits at end of sacrum (3-4 fused vertebrae)

Question 13

Baculum

Answer 13

• Free flaoting bone towards tip of penis in many animal species, NOT human
• Not fully understood, might be for mating strategies.