L16 Anatomy of respiratory system Flashcards
What are the function of the respiratory system? (5)
- supplies oxygenated blood to the tissues
Removes CO2
Regulates pH
Defence against pathogens
Produces sound
Olfaction
What is the upper respiratory tract made up of?
- Larynx
- Pharynx
- Nose
- paranasal SINUSES
What is the lower respiratory tract made up of?
Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles, Alveoli
What are the functions of the nose? (3)
-Warms, moisten, filter air
- contain receptor for smell
- Modifies speech sound
Nose adaptations? (6)
- Vibrissae =
Hairs that trap large dust particles at nose entrance - Conchae =
Shelf like projections from lateral walls
Produce turbulence which allows more time to warm and moisten airs - Mucosa =
Pseudostratified columnar ephitilial cells with GOBLET cells
goblet cell produce mucous to trap particles - capillary network under mucosa = blood flow, warms air
- olfactory mucosa = contains receptor for olfaction
- Paranasal sinuses =
Air filled spaces that drain into nasal cavity
Lighten skull and produce sound
What is the pharynx?
- forms a communal passageway for respiratory and gastrointestinal system
What does the pharynx subdivide into, and state location?
- Nasopharynx, posterior to nose
- Oropharynx, posterior to MOUTH
- Laryngopharynx, posterior to larynx
What are the functions of the LARYNX?(5)
- Maintains open airways
- Prevent food/drunk from entering lower respiratory tract
- Sound production
- also involved :
- Coughing
- Defaecation
What is the main structural feature of the LARYNX?
it is made up of cartilaginous Skeleton lined by membranes and moved by muscles
What is particular about the cricoid cartilage?
It is the only complete ring of cartilage
Where is the glottis located?
larynx
Can you describe the ANATOMY of the trachea?
- length, diameter
- where to where it extends
- what does is lie anterior/posterior to
-It is a flexible tube, 4.5 cm long, 2.5 cm in diameter
- it extends from larynx to CARINA
- lies anterior to the oesophagus
Can you describe the LOWER respiratory tract in detail?
Trachea
Primary bronchi
Secondary Bronchi
Tertiary bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs
Alveoli
Structural FEATURES of the trachea?
- Contains 15-20 horseshoe shaped CARTILAGE which keeps airway open
- Posterior end of the cartilage is lined by trachealis muscles which CONSTRICT during COUGHING
- trachea is lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar cell
What HISTOLOGICAL changes take place as you move down the bronchi?
- Cartilage DECREASES
- smooth muscles INCREASE
- height of ephitilial cells DECREASES
What is the main structural difference between BRONCHI and bronchioles?
Bronchi = YES cartilage
Bronchioles =NO cartilagete
What type of cartilage do EACH of the subdivision of BRONCHI contain?
- Primary bronchi = C- shaped cartilage
- secondary bronchi = plate of cartilage
- tertiary bronchi = plates of cartilage
What is the bronchiolar structure subdivided into?
- Bronchioles
- TERMINAL bronchioles
- Respiratory bronchioles
Describe the feature of bronchioLES?(3)
- No cartilage
- Smooth muscles- allow constriction and dilation
- Each subdivides into 50-80 terminal bronchioles
What are the FEATURES/structure of terminal bronchioles?(3)
- Simple columnar epithilia cell(which do not secrete goblet/mucus)
- CLARA CELLS = which produce SURFACTANT
- give rise to 2 or more respiratory bronchioles
Features of RESPIRATORY bronchioles?
Simple CUBOIDAL ephitilial cells
No cilia
CLARA cells= produce surfactant
Alveoli extends from its lumen
- GAs exchange occurs here
What is the function of type 1 alveolar cell?
Form wall of the alveolus (simple squamous ephitilial cell)
What is the function of Type II alveolar cells?
- secrete SURFACTANT
What is the function of MACROPHAGES in ALVEOLI?
Phagocyte any small organism that made it there
What does the alveolar system subdivide into in correct order?
Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs
Alveoli
In the whole of the respiratory tract which are the are where GAS EXCHANGE OCCURS?
respiratpry sac
Alveolar duct
Alevolar SAc
aLVEoli
