L12 Transposable Elements Flashcards
Transposable Elements
- mobile elements, “Jumping genes”
- able to move from one chromosomal location to another
- archetypes are self-replicating; encode activities to allow themselves to replicate
- class of “selfish” DNA
- dispersed throughout genomes
- generally display vertical transmission throughout generations
Many TEs retain the original copy, are replicative
Classes of transposable elements
- Retrotransposon: transpose via RNA intermediate “copy and paste”
1a. Long terminal repeats
1b. Non-LTR - DNA transposons: no RNA intermediate, “cut and paste”
LTR Transposons
See OneNote diagram
- encode 2-3 genes including gag and pol, sometimes has a 3rd ORF
- similar to retroviruses but lack env genes
LTR
- important for replication process of retrotransposons
- have different parts
pol gene
many different functions e.g. reverse transcriptase
gag
assembly of RNA into a retrotransposon particle
Non-LTR Transposon
See OneNote
- line elements belong to this class, vast majority of LINE1 elements in human are d.o.a. or otherwise unable to mobilise
Non-autonomous TE
Use the enzymes of autonomous TE’s to excise/replicate/insert e.g. SINEs
SINES
See OneNote
Derived from LINES and an RNA made by RNA-POL3
e.g. Alu element
Alu element
- Occurred in the early primates, now present in all primate genomes
- Rare event that create it and allowed it to proliferate
DNA transposons
See OneNote
- DNA segment excised by transposase
- Original site has a DNA break which gets repaired by the cell
“cut and paste”
Don’t go through RNA intermediate, replicate at the DNA level
Different transposons leaves different footprints behind once they have been excised. Have inverted terminal repeats.
Genomes differ in relative abundance of TE classes
See OneNote
TEs are almost everywhere
Bdelloid rotifers
See OneNote
- Muller’s Ratchet
TE spread in asexual organisms
See OneNote
First lineage not mixing with other lineages as there is no sex
TE spread in sexual organisms
See OneNote
Recombination will occur, TE elements put in different genetic backgrounds and spread throughout the population => sexual populations tend to have lots of TE
The sequenced genome of Drosophila
See OneNote
Where the different TE elements are in the reference genome
Heterochromatin tend to be repeat rich, sequencing requires long reads. Heterochromatin richer in TE than in euchromatin.
Near telomeres and centromeres, more TE
The unequal genome distribution of TEs
- dense distribution in heterochromatin
- enriched around centromere/telomere
- enriched in regions of low gene density
- generally insert in non-coding regions rather than coding regions
- hotspots are observed e.g. in singed genes