L 25 T2DM Background

Question 1

What is Diabetes Mellitus?

Answer 1

Metabolic disorder result high level or Blood glucose

Question 2

When diabetes occurs?

Answer 2

1. Body doesn’t make ANY insulin

2. Body doesn’t make enough/effective insulin

Question 3

What may cause diabetes to patients?

Answer 3

Increase urination
Thirsty 
Weight loss
Tired
Poor circulation

Question 4

Difference between Type 1 vs Type ii

Answer 4

Type 1 isInsulin dependent. Type ii is not

Question 5

T1DM onset and cause

Answer 5

Early age of people show its onset, is a chronic autoimmune disease caused by immune destruction of Beta islet cells

Question 6

What % of diabetics are T1DM?

Answer 6

5-10%

Question 7

T2DM onset and cause

Answer 7

Adult onset, insulin deficiency due to B islet cell dysfunction and insulin resistance

Question 8

Latent autoimmune diabetes (LADA) of the Adult has features of…

Answer 8

T1 and T2 diabetes show same features to patient

LADA is another type diabetes we can say patients are usually adult obese and less active.

Question 9

What nations have the highest prevalence of diabetes?

Answer 9

Pacific nations

Question 10

Is T2DM environment or genetic?

Answer 10

Both, genetic factors exert their effects after exposure to obesogenic environment

Question 11

What is metabolic syndrome

Answer 11

A cluster of conditions like excess nutrition, insufficient exercise, and a genetic predisposition, that increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes, usually due to obesity.

Question 12

Diagnosis of metabolic syndrome is determined by

Elevated:

Answer 12

• Waist circumference
• TGs
• Blood pressure
• Fasting glucose

Question 13

What are the Outcomes of Metabolic syndrome?

Answer 13

30% increase in mortality
2x risk of stroke and heart disease
5x risk of diabetes
Vein thrombosis

Question 14

What is HbA1c and what is it used for?

Answer 14

Hb with glucose bound (glycosylated Hb).

It is a measure of chronic exposure to glucose in the blood,over the previous 8-12 weeks.

Question 15

Policies recommended for obesity in NZ

Answer 15

• Sugar tax
• Education!!
• Reduction in fizzy drink serving sizes
• Healthy eating policies in schools and ECEs
• Junk food marketing restrictions

Question 16

T2DM in NZ who is at higher risk?

Answer 16

Pacific & disabled 13 and 15% accordingly

Question 17

Nutrition advice for T2DM

Answer 17

More whole grains, fruits, nuts, legumes.

Less processed grains, meats, sweetened beverages.

Question 18

Is diabetes polygenic or monogenic?

Answer 18

Polygenic

Question 19

Pathogenesis of T2DM and insulin resistance

Answer 19

B cell function decline caused decreased insulin production.
Also can get insulin resistance when the insulin receptors are no longer sensitive to insulin secretions due to previously sustained high blood glucose.

Question 20

Macrovascular complications of T2DM

Answer 20

CVD, Brain diseases, Peripheral vascular disease (extremities)

Question 21

Microvascular complications of T2DM

Answer 21

Kidney, retina and nervous system (neuropathy)

Question 22

Co-morbidities common with T2DM

Answer 22

Depression, non alcoholic fatty liver, obstructive sleep apnoea

Question 23

What is the prevention of T2DM

Answer 23

Prevent reduced B cell function and loss

Diet and exercise

Question 24

Current key molecular targets for T2DM

Answer 24

GLP-1 and SGLT-2

Question 25

Biggest prevention for T2DM:

Answer 25

Weight loss and healthy diet

Question 26

Obesity in NZ?

Answer 26

12.4 of children are obese.

And 31.9% is overweight.

Question 27

T2DM has how many proportion concordance with identical twins?

Answer 27

70%

Question 28

T2DM has how many proportion concordance with both parents T2DM?

Answer 28

70%