L 09

Question 1

Common cold caused by ?

Answer 1

Viruses- Rhinoviruses 30 % of colds

Coronaviruses- 15% Parainfluenza viruses 15% and other

They are self limiting

Question 2

What are the common cold treatment?

Answer 2

Treatment not required cause they are self limiting
So work on symptomatic relief
Complications may occur with comorbidities like elderly young or immunocompromised or asthma patients

Question 3

What is Buccaline?

Answer 3

Buccaline tablets is Pharmacist only medicine

Question 4

Buccaline kills following bacteria?

Answer 4

Haemophilus influenzae
Pneumococci
Streptococci

Question 5

Some people believe that Buccaline is an oral vaccine?

Answer 5

Not it is not

Question 6

Does Buccaline can be used as an alternative of influenza vaccine?

Answer 6

Buccaline is not an alternative of influenza vaccine thought it might kill bacteria so patient must need to take vaccines.

Question 7

What is sore throat?

Answer 7

caused by virus (adenoviruses 80-90 %)

Symptoms: sore throat and slight fever

Treatment: Not required

Question 8

Can sore throat cause bacterial disease?

Answer 8

Bacterial (Streptococcus pyogenes) cause severe sore throat which lead to rheumatic fever and abscess
Then required antibiotic treatment

Question 9

What are the causes of sore throat?

Answer 9

Corynebacterium diphtheriae- diphtheriae

Question 10

What are the symptoms of sore throat?

Answer 10

Symptoms: Cervical lymph nodes enlarged, sore throat, low fever

Question 11

What are the treatment of Diphtheria?

Answer 11

Diphtheria anti toxin
Antibiotics

Diphtheria prevention: by Toxoid vaccine.

Funded in pregnancy only.
(Remember toxoid vaccine needs to activate by formaldehyde)

1 in 10 ppl die because it cause heart and kidney failure

Question 12

What is Whooping cough?

Answer 12

Pertussis

Caused by bacteria (Bordetella pertussis)

Highly infectious by droplets

Cause airway inflammation by toxin, cause oedema and cell death
Complications pneumonia convulsions brain damage and death

Question 13

Whooping cough caused in 3 stages?

Answer 13

7-10 days incubation after that the following
(1 week) 1at stage: low grade fever, runny nose, in the first week
(next 4 weeks) 2nd stage: extreme caughing vomiting
(next 6 weeks)3rd stage: recovery, cough less often

Question 14

Who is most hospitalised with whooping cough?

Answer 14

Pacific and Maori infants around 51%

Question 15

SARS mean ?

Answer 15

Severe acute respiratory syndrome

Question 16

SARS CoV-2 is more transmissible but

Answer 16

grown in the same cell but lower mortality

Question 17

Why viruses are continuously mutating?

Answer 17

Antigenic shift- By neutralizing antibodies against viral hemagglutinin binding to our cells

Antigenic shift occurs when segment of RNA is exchanged between viral strains in a secondary host

Question 18

What is influenza?

Answer 18

Viral disorder cause by (Orthomyxovirus) by RNA genome

Symptoms: fever sore throat, dry cough.

Acute and self limiting.

Question 19

What are the major glycoproteins in influenza virus?

Answer 19

HA(Haemagglutinin) and Neuraminidase (NA)

Question 20

What are the types of influenza viruses?

Answer 20

A,B & C

Question 21

Influenza mortality depends on?

Answer 21

Patients factors: like age and underlying medical conditions

Viral factors: like type and subtypes

Question 22

Influenza A has subtypes of ?

Answer 22

15HA and 9 NA

Question 23

What is the major cause of influenza epidemiology?

Answer 23

Border….. restriction has tremendous effect on restricting the influenza virus.

Question 24

What is the management of influenza?

Answer 24

DAA (direct-acting antivirals)

Adamantanes and Neuraminidase inhibitor used in nz till now

OTC medicine: Symptomatic relief of fever, and pain

Question 25

What are the vaccines available for influenza for prevention and subsidy?

Answer 25

Afluria Quad junior: subsidized for aged 6-35 months child’s

Afluria Quad: patient 65 and under including healtcare worker and frontline workers

Fluid Quad: for over 65 years (subsidized)

Question 26

What is Coronavirus?

Answer 26

SARS CoV2
+ strand RNA virus
75-80 % homology to SARS

Question 27

How COVID 19 diseases spread?

Answer 27

Spike protein binds to angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)2
Then Transmembrane serine protease 2 cleaves S protein for viral entry into the cell
Cause COVID

Question 28

What if we do not make any immune response?

Answer 28

Then the cell dies

Question 29

What if we make an immune response then what will happen?

Answer 29

The T cell will make an immune response
CD cells will kill the viral DNA then
CD4 cell helps the T cell to produce antibody

then neutralize the virus and stop affecting it in a cyclic process.

Question 30

What if we make too much immune response by an immune cell in vivo?

Answer 30

not good for our cells cause further damage of our cell, if they call cytokine storm.

Question 31

In COVID 19 what are the different stages?

Answer 31

4-5 days incubation
Peak 5-6 days start the onset of symptoms
7-9 days caused severe disease like respiratory failure or other
People die because of 70% respiratory and 28% multi-organ inflammation and failure

Question 32

Treatment of COVID?

Answer 32

DAA(direct-acting antivirals) like protease inhibitor or nucleoside analogs

Question 33

Prevention of COVID?

Answer 33

Public health measures like hygiene closing borders lockdown etc
And vaccination