L 09 Flashcards
Common cold caused by ?
Viruses- Rhinoviruses 30 % of colds
Coronaviruses- 15% Parainfluenza viruses 15% and other
They are self limiting
What are the common cold treatment?
Treatment not required cause they are self limiting
So work on symptomatic relief
Complications may occur with comorbidities like elderly young or immunocompromised or asthma patients
What is Buccaline?
Buccaline tablets is Pharmacist only medicine
Buccaline kills following bacteria?
Haemophilus influenzae
Pneumococci
Streptococci
Some people believe that Buccaline is an oral vaccine?
Not it is not
Does Buccaline can be used as an alternative of influenza vaccine?
Buccaline is not an alternative of influenza vaccine thought it might kill bacteria so patient must need to take vaccines.
What is sore throat?
caused by virus (adenoviruses 80-90 %)
Symptoms: sore throat and slight fever
Treatment: Not required
Can sore throat cause bacterial disease?
Bacterial (Streptococcus pyogenes) cause severe sore throat which lead to rheumatic fever and abscess
Then required antibiotic treatment
What are the causes of sore throat?
Corynebacterium diphtheriae- diphtheriae
What are the symptoms of sore throat?
Symptoms: Cervical lymph nodes enlarged, sore throat, low fever
What are the treatment of Diphtheria?
Diphtheria anti toxin
Antibiotics
Diphtheria prevention: by Toxoid vaccine.
Funded in pregnancy only.
(Remember toxoid vaccine needs to activate by formaldehyde)
1 in 10 ppl die because it cause heart and kidney failure
What is Whooping cough?
Pertussis
Caused by bacteria (Bordetella pertussis)
Highly infectious by droplets
Cause airway inflammation by toxin, cause oedema and cell death
Complications pneumonia convulsions brain damage and death
Whooping cough caused in 3 stages?
7-10 days incubation after that the following
(1 week) 1at stage: low grade fever, runny nose, in the first week
(next 4 weeks) 2nd stage: extreme caughing vomiting
(next 6 weeks)3rd stage: recovery, cough less often
Who is most hospitalised with whooping cough?
Pacific and Maori infants around 51%
SARS mean ?
Severe acute respiratory syndrome
SARS CoV-2 is more transmissible but
grown in the same cell but lower mortality
Why viruses are continuously mutating?
Antigenic shift- By neutralizing antibodies against viral hemagglutinin binding to our cells
Antigenic shift occurs when segment of RNA is exchanged between viral strains in a secondary host
What is influenza?
Viral disorder cause by (Orthomyxovirus) by RNA genome
Symptoms: fever sore throat, dry cough.
Acute and self limiting.
What are the major glycoproteins in influenza virus?
HA(Haemagglutinin) and Neuraminidase (NA)
What are the types of influenza viruses?
A,B & C
Influenza mortality depends on?
Patients factors: like age and underlying medical conditions
Viral factors: like type and subtypes
Influenza A has subtypes of ?
15HA and 9 NA
What is the major cause of influenza epidemiology?
Border….. restriction has tremendous effect on restricting the influenza virus.
What is the management of influenza?
DAA (direct-acting antivirals)
Adamantanes and Neuraminidase inhibitor used in nz till now
OTC medicine: Symptomatic relief of fever, and pain
What are the vaccines available for influenza for prevention and subsidy?
Afluria Quad junior: subsidized for aged 6-35 months child’s
Afluria Quad: patient 65 and under including healtcare worker and frontline workers
Fluid Quad: for over 65 years (subsidized)
What is Coronavirus?
SARS CoV2
+ strand RNA virus
75-80 % homology to SARS
How COVID 19 diseases spread?
Spike protein binds to angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)2
Then Transmembrane serine protease 2 cleaves S protein for viral entry into the cell
Cause COVID
What if we do not make any immune response?
Then the cell dies
What if we make an immune response then what will happen?
The T cell will make an immune response
CD cells will kill the viral DNA then
CD4 cell helps the T cell to produce antibody
then neutralize the virus and stop affecting it in a cyclic process.
What if we make too much immune response by an immune cell in vivo?
not good for our cells cause further damage of our cell, if they call cytokine storm.
In COVID 19 what are the different stages?
4-5 days incubation
Peak 5-6 days start the onset of symptoms
7-9 days caused severe disease like respiratory failure or other
People die because of 70% respiratory and 28% multi-organ inflammation and failure
Treatment of COVID?
DAA(direct-acting antivirals) like protease inhibitor or nucleoside analogs
Prevention of COVID?
Public health measures like hygiene closing borders lockdown etc
And vaccination
