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Kreb's Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

What are the other two names for the Kreb’s cycle?

A

TCA cycle
Citric acid cycle

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2
Q

What can enter the Kreb’s cycle?

A

Fatty acids, glucose as pyruvate, amino acids

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3
Q

What is the purpose of the Kreb’s cycle?

A

Biosynthesis and energy production

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4
Q

What are the products of the energy production in Kreb’s cycle?

A

3 NADH, FADH2, 2 CO2, GTP

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5
Q

What are the products of the biosynthesis in Kreb’s cycle?

A

Glucose, fatty acids, non-essential amino acids, succinyl CoA precursor for porphyrins

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6
Q

What stimulates fatty acid production?

A

High carb diet with no exercise

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7
Q

What two amino acids are the easiest to make?

A

Aspartate and glutamate

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8
Q

What intermediate is required to make heme?

A

Succinyl CoA

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9
Q

What needs heme?

A

Hemoglobin, cytochromes

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10
Q

What must the Kreb’s cycle be paired with to make energy?

A

Electron transport chain

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11
Q

What is the starting molecule of Kreb’s cycle?

A

Acetyl CoA

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12
Q

What is the first equation of the Kreb’s cycle?

A

Oxaloacetate + acetyle CoA -> citrate

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13
Q

What two things can leave the Kreb’s cycle?

A

Citrate and malate

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14
Q

How do carbs enter the Kreb’s cycle?

A

Glycolysis

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15
Q

What do carbs enter the Kreb’s cycle as?

A

Pyruvate

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16
Q

What is the pre-Kreb’s step for pyruvate?

A

Pyruvate to acetyl CoA

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17
Q

What coenzymes are needed for pyruvate to acetyl CoA?

A

B1, B2, B3, B5/CoA, lipoic acid

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18
Q

How do fatty acids enter the Kreb’s cycle?

A

Beta oxidation into acetyl CoA

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19
Q

What is the purpose of the aconitase enzyme in step two?

A

No glucose production of fat

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20
Q

What two minerals support the function of the aconitase enzyme?

A

Iron and sulfur

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21
Q

What foods are rich in iron?

A

Spinach, red meat, raisins

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22
Q

What foods are rich in sulfur?

A

Cruciferous vegetables, eggs, asparagus, onions

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23
Q

What is the allosteric enzyme in the TCA cycle?

A

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

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24
Q

What two compounds, if they build up, inhibit isocitrate dehydrogenase?

A

NADH and ATP

25
What is the name of the enzyme that uses all the same co-enzymes as pyruvate dehydrogenase?
Alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
26
Name a compound that can be made from succinyl coA
Heme
27
Name the enzyme that converts pyruvate to OAA
Pyruvate carboxylase
28
Name the high energy compound made in the step succinyl CoA -> succinate
GTP
29
What complex in the cytochrome chain contains the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase?
Complex II
30
What is the significance of succinate dehydrogenase?
Succinate dehydrogenase anchors Kreb's to the inner mitochondrial matrix
31
What does succinate dehydrogenase allow for?
Kreb's to couple to the electron transport chain
32
What is the location in the mitochondria of most Kreb's cycle enzymes?
Mitochondrial matrix
33
What is the coenzyme for the enzyme fumarase?
Water
34
What is the name of the enzyme that converts malate to OAA?
Malate dehydrogenase
35
What coenzyme is needed for malate dehydrogenase to convert malate to OAA?
NAD+
36
What do ketogenic compounds enter Kreb's cycle as?
Acetyl CoA
37
Name the ketogenic only compounds
Fatty acids, lysine, leucine
38
Name the amino acids that are both ketogenic and gluconeogenic
Phenylalanine, isoleucine, tyrosine, tryptophan
39
Where do gluconeogenic amino acids enter the Kreb's cycle?
Other intermediates
40
What amino acids enter as pyruvate?
Alanine, glycine, cysteine, serine, threonine, tryptophan
41
What amino acids enter as alpha ketoglutarate?
Histidine, arginine, proline, glutamate, glutamine
42
What enzyme is used for the amino acids entering as alpha ketoglutarate?
SGPT
43
What amino acids enter as succinyl CoA?
Valine, isoleucine, methionine
44
What amino acids enter as fumarate?
Phenylalanine, aspartate, tyrosine
45
What amino acids enter as oxaloacetate?
Aspartate, asparagine
46
What enzyme is used for amino acids entering as oxaloacetate?
SGOT/aspartate transaminase
47
What is the energy yield for 1 acetyl CoA when Kreb's and ETC are combined without accounting for heat?
12
48
What is the energy yield for 1 acetyl CoA when Kreb's and ETC are combined with accounting for heat?
10
49
What is the total energy yield for aerobic glycolysis (depending on shuttle) without accounting for heat?
36 or 38
50
What is the total energy yield for aerobic glycolysis (depending on shuttle) with accounting for heat?
30 or 32
51
What three substances decrease the action of pyruvate dehydrogenase by end product inhibition?
NADH, acetyl CoA, ATP
52
What type of diet increases the concentration of OAA?
High carbohydrates
53
What is the impact of high carbohydrates in the diet on the rate of the TCA cycle?
Increases the rate
54
Why does a high alcohol diet slow the rate of the Kreb's cycle?
Lots of NADH with alcohol dehydrogenase
55
What is the impact of high levels of citric acid on glycolysis?
Shuts off phosphofructokinase
56
What pathway is turned on by high levels of citrate in the cytoplasm
Fat synthesis
57
What is the impact of lack of exercise on the Kreb's cycle?
Increases ATP which turns off the cycle
58
What cycle in the liver is connected with the Kreb's cycle?
Urea cycle

Biochemistry II (13 decks)

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