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Biochemistry II > Glucose Homeostasis > Flashcards

Glucose Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

What are normal blood glucose levels?

A

About 80-110/100 ml

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2
Q

Alpha cells from pancreas respond to what?

A

Hypoglycemia only

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3
Q

What hormone is released by alpha cells from pancreas?

A

Glucagon

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4
Q

Glucagon from alpha cells from pancreas target which organs?

A

Liver and adipose

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5
Q

Glucagon in the liver increases which pathways?

A

Glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, beta oxidation of fats (termed ketogenesis)

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6
Q

Glucagon in adipose increases which pathway?

A

Lipolysis

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7
Q

What does the hypothalamus respond to?

A

Hypoglycemia plus exercise or sleep

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8
Q

What hormone does the hypothalamus release?

A

Growth hormone

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9
Q

The hypothalamus releases growth hormone to which organs?

A

Liver and muscle (which responds to somatomedin C and GH)

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10
Q

What happens to growth hormone in the liver?

A

GH is converted to insulin like growth factor 1 AKA somatomedin C

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11
Q

What pathways are increased by growth hormone in muscle?

A

Increases amino acid uptake, protein synthesis, and beta oxidation fats

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12
Q

What pathways are decreased by growth hormone in muscle?

A

Decreases protein breakdown and carbohydrate metabolism

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13
Q

What does the adrenal medulla respond to?

A

Hypoglycemia plus acute stress

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14
Q

What hormone is released by the adrenal medulla?

A

Epinephrine

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15
Q

Where does the adrenal medulla send epinephrine?

A

The liver, adipose, and muscle

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16
Q

What pathways are increased by epinephrine in the liver?

A

Glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, Beta oxidation of fats termed ketogenesis

17
Q

What pathways are increased by epinephrine in adipose?

A

Lipolysis

18
Q

What pathways are increased by epinephrine in muscle?

A

Glycogenolysis, Kreb’s cycle, beta oxidation of fats

19
Q

What does the adrenal cortex respond to?

A

Chronic stress and does not need hypoglycemia to be released

20
Q

What hormone does the adrenal cortex release?

A

Cortisol

21
Q

What pathways are increased by cortisol in the liver?

A

Glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and beta oxidation of fats (ketogenesis)

22
Q

What pathway is increased by cortisol in adipose?

A

Lipolysis

23
Q

What affect does cortisol have on muscle?

A

Blocks the Glut 4 transporter

24
Q

Hypoglycemia causes the release of which hormones?

A

Glucagon, growth hormone, epinephrine, and cortisol

25
Q

Hyperglycemia causes the release of which hormones?

A

Insulin and somatostatin

26
Q

What do beta cells from pancreas respond to?

A

Hyperglycemia

27
Q

What hormone do beta cells from pancreas release?

A

Insulin

28
Q

What pathways are increased by insulin in the liver?

A

Glycogenesis, glycolysis, triacylglycerol (TAG) synthesis, cholesterol synthesis

29
Q

What affect does insulin have on adipose?

A

Stimulates Glut 4 transporter and glucose enters TAG storage

30
Q

What affect does insulin have on muscle?

A

Stimulates Glut 4 transporter and glucose enters
Increased glycogenesis, glycolysis, Kreb’s, electron transport

31
Q

What do delta cells from pancreas respond to?

A

Hyperglycemia

32
Q

What hormone is released by delta cells from pancreas?

A

Somatostatin

33
Q

What organs are targeted by the beta cells from pancreas releasing insulin?

A

Liver, adipose, and muscle

34
Q

What organs are targeted by delta cells from pancreas releasing somatostatin?

A

Hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

35
Q

What is the effect of somatostatin on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary?

A

Decreases release of GHRH and growth hormone

36
Q

Name 2 cycles that raise blood glucose

A

Glycogenolysis
Gluconeogenesis

Biochemistry II (13 decks)

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