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CP > Kidney & UTI Pathology > Flashcards

Kidney & UTI Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

1,25 dihydroxycholecaliferol is also known as

A

Vit D

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2
Q

What is oliguria?

A

<400ml/24h

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3
Q

What is the reference range for urea?

A

3-8mmol/L

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4
Q

What should not be measured until 8 hours after a meal?

A

Creatinine

50-140

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5
Q

What happens to creatinine as the GFR decreases?

A

It increases

plotting the plasma creatinine can help estimate when intervention is needed in ESRF

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6
Q

Tubular secretion of creatinine can be inhibited by

A

aspirin and cimetidine

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7
Q

eGFR of less than 15 indicates

A

ESRF

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8
Q

Renal hypoperfusuion can lead to

A

secondary hyperaldosteronism

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9
Q

a patient who is unwell with a rapid rise in creatinine and urea has

A

ARF

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10
Q

Proteinuria, hypoalbuminaemia and oedema point to

A

nephrotic syndrome

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11
Q

oedema, proteinuria and haematuria point to

A

Nephritic syndrome

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12
Q

mesangial cells of the renal corpuscle have

A

contractile and phagocytic properties

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13
Q

Immunological causes of glomerular injury include

A

IgA nephropathy
SLE
Goodpasture’s syndrome

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14
Q

Non-immunological causes of glomerular injury include

A

Hypertension, HUS, DM, Amyloidosis and Alport disease (inherited abnormal type IV collagen causing abnormal basement membranes)

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15
Q

What can cause nephrotic syndrome?

A 
Membranous nephropathy (PLA2R on podocytes) 
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
Minimal change disease
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16
Q

What can cause nephritic syndrome?

A 
IgA nephropathy (Berger's Disease) 
Post-infectious glomerulonephritis 
Vasculitis
SLE
HUS
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17
Q

What is IgAN Henoch Schoelein purpura?

A

IgA nephropathy that follows throat infections and presents in BOYS with

  • arthalgia
  • abdo pan
  • purpuric rash
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18
Q

What is a risk factor for chronic pyelonephritis?

A

Urinary tract reflux

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19
Q

What characteristically shows as a ‘flea bitten kidney’?

A

Hypertensive nephropathy (nephrosclerosis)

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20
Q

Kimmelstiel-Wilson lesions are produced as part of

A

diabetic nephropathy

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21
Q

BPH arises from where in the prostate?

A

Centrally situated TZ and periurethral cells

it is more likely to cause urinary obstruction earlier than carcinomas

22
Q 
Urgency 
Hesitancy 
Increased fequency 
Nocturia 
Incomplete bladder emptying 
all point to
A

BPH

23
Q

DHT (dihydrotestosterone) is involved in the development of

A

BPH

24
Q

BRCA2 leads to a 20-fold increased risk of

A

prostate cancer

So can being African

25
Q

How is prostate cancer staged?

A

Gleason scoring system

26
Q

Does increased PSA always point to prostate canceR?

A

No

27
Q

Germ cell tumours are most common in

A

young males

Seminomas
Teratomas
Choriocarcinoma

28
Q

Is a history of an undescended testis important?

A

Yes, it is a risk factor for testicular cancer.

29
Q

AFP is a tumour marker for

A

germ cell tumours

30
Q

bHCG points to

A

a choriocarcinoma

it is elevated in testicular cancer

31
Q

VMA in the urine points to a

A

phaeochromocytoma

32
Q

What are associated with the development of testicular germ cell tumours?

A 
Prior TGCT in the contraletral testicle
impaired spermatogenesis 
inguinal hernia
hydrocele 
testicular atrophy
33
Q

Hypogonadism can cause

A

testicular failure

34
Q

What is the most common form or renal calculi?

A

Calcium stones

35
Q

A large ‘staghorn’ calculi points to

A

struvite stones

due to urease producing bacterial information

36
Q

Urate stones can be seen in people with

A

Gout

37
Q

most renal cell carcinomas are

A

clear cell

38
Q

What is von Hippel-Lindau syndrome?

A

Most common cancer syndrome observed in RCC

VHL gene breaks down HIF-1 oncogene and loss of function leads to tumour development

39
Q

What does clear cell RC look like microscopically?

A

Clear cytoplasm with a ‘nested’ appearance

40
Q

Is RCC chemo resistant?

A

Yes, it tends to be

41
Q

How do urothelial cell carcinomas present?

A

Haematuria
Urinary frequency
Pain on urination
Urinary tract obstruction

42
Q

What is the most important prognostic factor in bladder carcinoma?

A

Depth of invasion

43
Q

Urethral syndrome is caused by

A

abacterial cystitis

44
Q

what is classified using the KASS criteria?

A

significant bacteriuria

45
Q

pus in the urine with no organisms grown is known as

A

sterile pyuria

46
Q

What classifies as a ‘complicated’ UTI?

A

UTI in males under 65, children under 10, the presence o a foreign body and underlying abnormality

47
Q

causes of sterile pyuria include

A

‘fastidious’ organisms: TB, Haemophilus
UT inflammation
Urethritis that is sexually transmitted

48
Q

MSUs are carried out using what colour of container?

A

Red top (contains boric acid to preserve)

49
Q

Early morning urine samples are done when

A

urinary TB is suspected

50
Q

what would you use to treat a UTI?

A

Nitrofurantoin (not for upper UTIs)

Trimethoprim

51
Q

What would you use to treat upper UTIs?

A

Cefuroxime, ciprofloxacin

Tazobactam (in over 65s)

52
Q

When changing catheters, what can be given as a ‘cover’?

A

Gentamicin

CP (12 decks)

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